Appendix A Historic Property Survey Report

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT FAIRVIEW STREET IMPROVEMENTS FROM 9TH STREET TO 16TH STREET AND JUNE 2019 BRIDGE REPLACEMENT PROJECT SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA citizens through grants or by purchase from mission administrators. It was also during this period that large tracts of land termed ranchos were granted by the various Mexican Governors of alto California, usually to individuals who had worked in the service of the Mexican government. American Period (1848—Present) Following the end of hostilities between Mexico and the United States, the United States officially obtained California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848 (Cleland 1962:xiii). In 1850, California was accepted into the Union of the United States, mainly due to the population increase created by the Gold Rush of 1849. In the years immediately following the United States' acquisition of California, the cattle industry reached its greatest prosperity due to the massive influx of immigrants during the Gold Rush (Cleland 1952:102-108; Liebeck 1990:2-3). Mexican Period land grants had created large pastoral estates in California, and a high demand for beef during the Gold Rush led to a cattle boom that lasted until 1855. In 1855, however, the demand for California beef began to decline as a result of sheep imports from New Mexico, cattle imports from the Mississippi and Missouri Valleys, and the development of stock breeding farms. When the beef market collapsed, California ranchers were unprepared. Many had borrowed heavily during the boom, mortgaging their land at interest rates as high as 10 percent per month. The collapse of the cattle market meant that many of these ranchos were lost through foreclosure, while others were sold to pay debts and taxes (Cleland 1952:108-114). Land Grants Beginning in 1784, Spanish army officers and veterans living in California began receiving land concessions and establishing large, private grazing areas (Cowan 1993:8). Cattle ranching was highly profitable during the Spanish and Mexican Periods. There were only 25-32 major "grants" made during the Spanish Period, and these were actually concessions that were little more than grazing and settlement permits, because title of ownership remained with the crown (Beck and Haase 1974:24; Cowan 1993:8). However, several hundred land grants were made by Mexican governors of California during the Mexican Period. An early Spanish Period concession of approximately 60,000 acres known as Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana was made in 1801 or 1802 by then Governor Arrillaga to Jose Antonio Yorba and his father-in-law, Juan Pablo Grijalva. In 1810, a second concession of this land was made by Governor Arrillaga to Antonio Yorba and Pablo Peralta (Avina 1932:25; Meadows 1966:117; Shumway 1993:59-60). This is the only Spanish Period concession located entirely within Orange County. The name, Santiago de Santa Ana, is derived from the Santa Ana River and Santiago Creek, both named by the Portola Expedition, and means "Saint James of Saint Ann" (Meadows 1966:117). The American Period patent for the 78,941.49-acre Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana was issued in 1883 to Bernardo Yorba and other heirs to Antonio Yorba and Pablo Peralta (Shumway 1993:59-60). This grant abuts the current APE on its southeastern edge. However, the current APE is just west edge of the middle of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana grant. The APE is within the Rancho Los Nietos Spanish Period concession, which was a grant of approximately 300,000 acres made in 1784 by Governor Fages to Manuel Nieto (Beck and Haase 1974:Map 37; Shumway 1993:58). It is described as all the land lying between the Santa Ana and San Q:\WKE1702\Cultural\ASR\ASR 2019 OS-21.docx (06/03/19) 14