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144 6.6 Program Recommendations Traditionally, Vision Zero is based on data-driven decision making, sup- plemented with the first three E’s of safety: Engineering, Education, and Enforcement. These E’s were developed around 1925 by the National Safety Council and came long before the concept of Vision Zero. The field of transportation planning is slowly expanding the E’s and includ- ing a Safe Systems1 approach. Rather than focusing on unachievable levels of perfection, this approach offers a human-centered approach that proactively reduces crash risk and severity of collisions. It reprior- itizes the E’s with an equitable, forgiving lens. The following sections display descriptions for the three E’s, paired with proactive steps to further the discourse with equity as a focal point. Engineering Vision zero uses engineering to reduce the likelihood of fatal or seri- ous collisions through proactive roadway designs. Proactive designs study the roadway characteristics of high collision corridors and inter- sections, recommend treatments, and apply those treatments to simi- lar corridors and intersections as a preventative measure before they result in an injury hot spot. For example, designing self-enforcing roads and offering safe, equita- ble options for travel by foot, bicycle, and transit and managing speeds for safety will help reduce risk of crashes and lessen the need for en- forcement. Engineering Examples: • Roundabouts • Road buffets/road diets • Curb space management and edge friction • Traffic calming • Daylighting intersections 1 Shahum, Leah. “It’s Time to Evolve Beyond the Es Approach to Traffic Safety. Vision Zero Network,” Vision Zero Network, January 20, 2022, https:// visionzeronetwork.org/its-time-to-evolve-beyond-the-es-approach-to-traffic- safety/ Education It is important for roadway users to be aware of and follow roadway rules for everyone’s safety and comfort. Education-based programming can be held for ages and abilities, and held in schools, senior centers, or even community events. Human beings are vulnerable, and every- one plays a role in preventing serious injuries and deaths. Education can be empowered through various levels of government, non-profit and advocacy groups, academia, and the general public. The most ef- fective education is aimed at motorists. Education Examples: • Safety assemblies • DUI awareness campaigns • Demonstration projects • Bike safety and maintenance workshops • Share the Road campaign • Safety campaign from social media to newspapers • Driver training programming Enforcement E It is important that roadway users must behave in a manner that is safe and respectful to everyone else to prevent serious collisions. Histori- cally, transportation planning has over-emphasized enforcement, lead- ing to discriminatory traffic stops. It is also important to factor in that the presence of police officers can make some communities uncom- fortable. Enforcement is most effective when paired with equity and education. For example, prioritizing warnings and education before issuing tickets and fines can help encourage residents to appreciate road rules. In Santa Ana, over a third of pedestrian collisions occur when the pe- destrian is crossing in a crosswalk at an intersection. An example of a proactive measure would be to implement lead pedestrian intervals or no-turn blank out signs. City Council 32 – 149 6/4/2024