Item 09 - Fairview Street Improvement Project

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Architectural History Evaluation lived in the area, known as the Kumeyaay or Diegueno. Mission San Gabriel Archangel was founded in 1771 east of what is now Los Angeles to convert the Tongva or Gabrielino. Mission San Fernando, also in Tongva/Gabrielino territory, was established in 1797. Mission San Juan Capistrano was established in 1776 on San Juan Creek (in what is now southern Orange County) to convert the Agjachemem or Juaneno. Mission San Luis Rey was established in 1798 on the San Luis Rey River (in what is now northern San Diego County) to convert the Luiseno. Missions San Buenaventura and Santa Barbara were founded in Chumash territory in 1782 and 1786, respectively (Castillo 1978). Some missions later established outposts in inland areas.An asistencia (mission outpost) of Mission San Luis Rey, known as San Antonio de Pala, was built in Luiseno territory along the upper San Luis Rey River near Mount Palomar in 1810 (Pourade 1961). A chapel administered by Mission San Gabriel Archangel was established in the San Bernardino area in 1819 (Bean and Smith 1978).The present asistencia within the western outskirts of present-day Redlands was built c. 1830 (Haenszel and Reynolds 1975).The missions sustained themselves through cattle ranching and traded hides and tallow for supplies brought by ship. Large cattle ranches were established by Mission San Luis Rey at Temecula and San Jacinto (Gunther 1984). The Spanish also constructed presidios, or forts, at San Diego and Santa Barbara, and a pueblo, or town, was established at Los Angeles. The Spanish period in California began in 1769 with the Portola expedition and ended in 1821 with Mexican independence. After Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821, what is now California became the Mexican province of Alta California. The Mexican government closed the missions in the 1830s and former mission lands were granted to retired soldiers and other Mexican citizens for use as cattle ranches. Much of the land along the coast and in the interior valleys became part of Mexican land grants or"ranchos" (Robinson 1948). During the Mexican period there were small towns at San Diego (near the presidio), San Juan Capistrano (around the mission), and Los Angeles.The rancho owners lived in one of the towns or in an adobe house on the rancho. The Mexican Period includes the years 1821 to 1848. The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848.As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 allowed California to become a state in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General's office. Land that was not part of a land grant was owned by the U.S. government until it was acquired by individuals through purchase or homesteading. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult to pay the new American taxes on the thousands of acres they owned. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo- Americans.The resulting foreclosures and land sales transferred most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941). 2.2 Local History: Santa Ana The Project Area is located in the City of Santa Ana, which is the seat of Orange County, in California. The Portola expedition visited the Santa Ana area in 1769 (Deal 2021). In 1809 Jose Antonio Yorba and Juan Pablo Peralta petitioned the Spanish Crown for a land concession, which was approved on July 1, 1810 ECORP Consulting, Inc. 8 January 2025 Fairview Street Widening Project 2024-088.03 9-99