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2025 URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN <br /> MAY 2026/FINAL DRAFT/CAROLLO <br /> are owned and operated by the City. Currently, the City does not generate renewable energy. Energy <br /> consumption data was estimated, based on pump hours. <br /> 6.10.3 Key Findings and Next Steps <br /> Calculating and disclosing direct operationally controlled energy intensities is another step towards <br /> understanding the water-energy nexus. However, much work is still needed to better understand <br /> upstream and downstream (indirect) water-energy impacts.When assessing water supply energy <br /> intensities or comparing intensities between providers, it is important to consider reporting boundaries as <br /> they do not convey the upstream embedded energy or impacts energy intensity has on downstream <br /> users. Engaging one's upstream and downstream supply chain can guide more informed decisions that <br /> holistically benefit the environment and are mutually beneficial to engaged parties. Suggestions for <br /> further study include: <br /> ■ Supply-chain engagement- The City relies on a variety of water sources for their customers.While <br /> some studies have used life cycle assessment tools to estimate energy intensities, there is a need to <br /> confirm this data.The 2025 UWMP requirement for all agencies to calculate energy intensity will help <br /> the City and neighboring agencies make more informed decisions that would benefit the region as a <br /> whole regarding the energy and water nexus.A similar analysis could be performed with upstream <br /> supply chain energy, for example, with State Project Water. <br /> ■ Internal benchmarking and goal setting - With a focus on energy conservation and a projected <br /> increase in water demand despite energy conservation efforts, the City's energy intensities will likely <br /> decrease with time. Conceivably, in a case where water demand decreases, energy intensities may rise <br /> as the energy required to pump or treat is not always proportional to water delivered. In the course of <br /> exploring the water-energy nexus and pursuing renewable energy goals, there is a need to assess <br /> whether energy intensity is a meaningful indicator or if it makes sense to use a different indicator to <br /> reflect the City's commitment to energy and water conservation. Current efforts could be expanded <br /> with the addition of a wastewater energy intensity evaluation. <br /> ■ Regional sustainability-Water and energy efficiency are two components of a sustainable future. <br /> Efforts to conserve water and energy, however, may impact the social, environmental, and economic <br /> livelihood of the region. In addition to the relationship between water and energy, over time, it may <br /> also be important to consider and assess the connection these resources have on other aspects of a <br /> sustainable future. <br /> CITY OF SANTA ANA <br />