HomeMy WebLinkAboutItem 10 - 2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Planning and Building Agency
www.santa-ana.org/pb
Item # 10
City of Santa Ana
20 Civic Center Plaza, Santa Ana, CA 92701
Staff Report
March 3, 2026
TOPIC: 2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
AGENDA TITLE
City of Santa Ana 2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
RECOMMENDED ACTIONS
1.Receive and file the City of Santa Ana 2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report.
2.Direct staff to submit the City of Santa Ana 2025 General Plan Annual Progress
Report to the State of California Department of Housing and Community
Development (HCD) and the Office of Planning and Research (OPR).
GOVERNMENT CODE §84308 APPLIES: No
DISCUSSION
Government Code Section 65400 requires local planning agencies to submit an annual
progress report on the status of the General Plan and progress in its implementation to
the local legislative body. The progress report is submitted to State of California
Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) and Office of Planning and
Research (OPR) annually.
The General Plan is a state-mandated document, which plans the framework for the City
of Santa Ana’s physical, social, and economic development. The current General Plan
Annual Progress Report for the calendar year 2025 documents and discusses the
progress towards the overall implementation of the various adopted elements of the
General Plan during the calendar year. The report includes highlights of major
accomplishments and a table detailing the work completed by various City agencies
toward completing the implementation actions across all General Plan elements in 2025
(Exhibit 1).
General Plan
The City made significant strides toward realizing the goals of the General Plan. In
addition to housing production, which is discussed in the following section,
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
March 3, 2026
Page 2
accomplishments fall under the categories of growth and development, environmental
justice, economic prosperity, parks and public spaces, and sustainable infrastructure.
Growth & Development
o The City Council unanimously approved "The Village Santa Ana," a specific
plan that at build-out will featuring up to 1,583 residential units and
generate $16.4 million in direct community benefits.
o Key legislative actions included the adoption of an A-Frame Ordinance to
create new advertising opportunities for the local business community and
a Group Home Ordinance to support local businesses and improve living
conditions for vulnerable residents.
o The City Council approved an historic update to the Transit Zoning Code,
which enhances new, neighborhood-compatible development in the
Downtown, Logan, and Lacy neighborhoods. The adoption of this
ordinance marks a reversal of past planning practices that promoted
industrial land uses and the proactive dismantling of environmental
challenges borne by residents of these neighborhoods.
o The City also launched a study to create a legal framework for phasing out
high-impact, “Noxious Use” industrial operations in the Transit Zoning
Code area.
Economic Prosperity
o The City fostered local economic development through initiatives like the
"Launch Your Business" workshop series and the Santa Ana–Sahuayo
Sister Cities Business Expo. The sold-out Santa Ana GROW conference
showcased major strategic projects, including "The Row at Red Hill" and
the "Rove" electric vehicle charging hub.
Parks and Public Spaces:
o Infrastructure improvements included the opening of the "River’s Edge"
exhibit at the Santa Ana Zoo and the community-driven construction of a
new playground at Sandpointe Park by nearly 200 volunteers. Multiple ADA
accessibility projects were also completed, such as the renovation of
restrooms at El Salvador Park and the PAAL Center.
Sustainable Infrastructure:
o Major projects focused on resilience, including the installation of 1,350 feet
of new storm drain for the Rousselle Street Flood Protection Project using
$4.675 million in grant funding. The City also completed the rehabilitation
of Wells 29 and 32, with Well 32 now producing 2,500 GPM to secure a
reliable, drought-resilient water supply.
In addition to implementing actions of the General Plan, staff review development
applications for consistency with General Plan goals and policies and recommend
approval of those that are consistent with the General Plan. In some cases, the General
Plan Land Use Map may be amended to further General Plan goals and policies. Since
the City Council adopted the General Plan in 2022, the City has processed one application
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
March 3, 2026
Page 3
to amend the Land Use Map. The City Council adopted the General Plan Amendment to
enable expansion of Gerardo Mouet Park, which contributes to the City’s goals related to
increasing open space, particularly in underserved areas.
Housing Element
As required by HCD, the Housing Element portion of the progress report includes detailed
accounting of all housing projects submitted, reviewed, entitled, and constructed in the
City of Santa Ana in 2025, in addition to the status of the implementation actions and
programs to achieve the City’s housing vision in the state mandated form.
The Housing Element portion of the report also measures the City’s progress to meet
state-mandated housing goals as set forth in our Regional Housing Needs Allocation
th
(RHNA) for the 6 cycle planning period (2021-2029). Through a process referred to as
“RHNA,” each jurisdiction is given a target for how many permits to issue in four housing
income categories ranging from very–low income (affordable to those who earn 50% or
less of the Area Median Income \[AMI\]), to above moderate income (more than 120% of
AMI). Based on the income limits published by State HCD in May of 2025, the Area
Median Income for Orange County is $129,000.
The Housing Element portion of the report includes a summary of Santa Ana’s progress
th
in meeting its share of the RHNA allocation for the 6 cycle. There were a total of 316
building permits issued for new housing units in 2025, of which 81 housing units are
affordable to very low-income and 101 to low-income households, respectively. With the
th
issuance of these permits, the City has issued 4,757 building permits during the 6 cycle
planning period, exceeding its total allocation of 3,137 by 1,620 (152%).
Progress Towards 2021-2029 RHNA Goal
(New Housing Units by Category and Year)
Total Total Units % of RHNA
IncomeRHNA202120222023202420252026202720282029
UnitsRemainingCompleted
Very
606 4119164488170%
425181
Low
Low362 4310211381101122%
440(78)
Mod.545 114184657350%
274271
Above
1,624 6395672,2817061223%
3,618(1,994)
Mod.
Total:3,137 7349012,542264316152%
4,757(1,620)
Based on building permits issued. Parenthesis used to show number of units issued permits in excess of
RHNA goal.
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
March 3, 2026
Page 4
In 2024 and 2025, issuance of building permits for new residential units decreased in
Santa Ana and across California. Developer feedback provided to staff indicates that
higher interest rates, increased costs of construction, labor market uncertainty, and other
factors have introduced challenges, which have contributed to more modest housing
production, especially for higher-density multi-family projects.
While development of large-scale residential development in the last two years was lower
than in previous years, application and permit issuance activity for for-sale townhome
products remains strong. There are currently 10 applications under review for townhomes
totaling 795 units, with another project in plan check and another two projects under
construction. Moreover, permit activity for accessory dwelling units (ADUs) remains
equally strong across all areas of the City. Of the 316 building permits issued in 2025,
82% were for ADUs, which also contribute to the City’s affordable housing stock.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
There is no environmental impact associated with this action.
FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact associated with this action.
EXHIBIT
1.2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report and Attachments
Submitted By: Ali Pezeshkpour, AICP, Executive Director, Planning and Building
Agency
Approved By: Alvaro Nuñez, City Manager
tainable
General Plan
Annual Progress Report
Santa Ana is a city that promotes the health and
wellness of all residents, with a civic culture that
actively embraces the power of diversity. Our city
invests in resources that create economic
opportunities for the next generation, and it is a
community that celebrates our past while working
together to create a sustainable future.
»Above: General Plan Vision Statement.
Contents
General Plan Overview ................................................................................................... 1
Golden City Beyond: A Shared Vision ............................................................................. 1
Implementation Highlight Section .................................................................................... 2
Housing Production ...................................................................................................... 4
Regional Housing Needs Allocation ................................................................... 4
Permits Issued ................................................................................................... 4
Housing Development Highlights ....................................................................... 5
ADU Production ................................................................................................. 9
Growth & Development .............................................................................................. 10
Comprehensive Zoning Code Update .............................................................. 11
The Village Santa Ana Specific Plan ................................................................ 12
A-Frame Ordinance .......................................................................................... 13
Group Home Ordinance ................................................................................... 13
Environmental Justice ................................................................................................ 14
Transit Zoning Code Update and Implementation ............................................ 15
Cool Pavement Program .................................................................................. 16
Economic Prosperity .................................................................................................. 18
Launch your Business Workshop Series .......................................................... 18
Santa Ana & Sahuayo Business Expo ............................................................. 18
Santa Ana GROW 2025 ................................................................................... 19
Business Assistance Office .............................................................................. 19
Parks & Public Spaces ............................................................................................... 20
Sandpointe Park ............................................................................................... 21
Santa Ana Zoo .......................................................... 22
....................................................... 23
New Prefabricated Restroom Replacements at City Parks .............................. 23
El Salvador ADA Restroom Improvements ...................................................... 24
PAAL Center ADA Restroom Improvements .................................................... 24
Bristol-Edinger Parking Lots Improvements ..................................................... 24
Sustainable Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 26
Rousselle Street Flood Protection Project ........................................................ 26
Standard Avenue Protected Bike Lanes .......................................................... 27
First Street Multimodal Boulevard Study .......................................................... 27
Well 29 Rehabilitation Project .......................................................................... 28
Well 32 Rehabilitation Project .......................................................................... 28
Median Improvements ...................................................................................... 29
Attachment A General Plan Implementation Actions .................................................A-1
Attachment B Housing Element Annual Progress Report .........................................B-1
Attachment C Housing Successor Annual Report .................................................... C-1
General Plan Overview
The Santa Ana General Plan provides long-term policy direction to guide the physical
development, quality of life, economic health, and sustainability of the City through 2045.
Informed by a comprehensive public engagement process, the General Plan establishes
-class
capital of Orange County that celebrates diversity, neighborhoods, and cultural heritage.
Golden City Beyond: A Shared Vision
The Golden City Beyond General Plan was approved by the City Council in April of 2022.
The General Plan consists of a vision statement and 12 elements divided into three
volumes. Each element contains a set of goals and policies, which are underpinned by
five "Core Values." The Core Values were collectively created through the community
priorities and guiding principles. They are: Health, Equity, Sustainability, Culture, and
Education.
Each element also contains an implementation section that provides a list, organized by
goal, of the actions to take place in the next one to five years to make progress toward
establishing priorities, scheduling, and assigning staff and other resources.
Implementation actions also identify the responsible agency for implementing the action
item and when it should be carried out. Implementation is often contingent upon available
resources and funding. While many actions can be pursued through initiatives already
underway, others will require additional resources. As such, the exact mix and timing of
programs the City may pursue during a given calendar year will in part be opportunity-
driven, dependent on the availability of funding, staffing, and other necessary resources.
State law enacted through Senate Bill 1000 (2016) requires all cities and counties to
update public policies to address environmental justice (EJ). The City addressed SB 1000
requireme
approach instead of a stand-alone element to ensure the topic is present alongside the
multitude of issues and topics that affect Santa Ana communities.
General Plan Land Use Element Implementation Action 2.2 requires the Planning and
Building Agency to prepare a General Plan Annual Progress Report for the City Council.
Additionally, Government Code Section 65400 requires local planning agencies to submit
an annual progress report on the status of the General Plan and progress in its
implementation to the local legislative body. The progress report is then submitted to the
State of California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) and to
the Office of Planning and Research (OPR) annually.
The following pages highlight major accomplishments during the 2025 reporting period
as well as summaries of work completed toward the entirety of implementation actions
across the General Plan (Attachment A). The Housing Element Annual Progress Report
is prepared as a separate document (Attachment B). It contains state-mandated content
and is presented in the state-mandated format.
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Implementation
Implementation Highlight Section
Highlight Section
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Housing Production
Housing Production
Santa Ana faces issues such as adapting to changing housing market conditions, meeting
state-mandated regional housing needs and goals, furthering quality housing and
neighborhoods, accommodating social and economic diversity, assisting residents with
special housing needs, and supporting the City-term economic development. The
Housing Element establishes a vision, goals, policies, and programs to address these
issues. This section highlights the various efforts completed in 2025 toward realizing
those goals and implementing the listed programs and actions. The complete Housing
Element Annual Progress Report is organized as a separate document (Attachment B)
with the required data and in the format required by state law.
Regional Housing Needs Allocation
The Cregional housing needs allocation (RHNA), determined by the Southern
th
California Association of Governments (SCAG), is 3,137 housing units for the 6 cycle
20212029 planning period. Within this housing goal, the City is required to plan for four
income and affordability goals: very low, low, moderate, and above moderate. The C
RHNA by affordability level is 606 units of housing affordable to very low-income
households, 362 units of housing affordable to low-income households, 545 units of
housing affordable to moderate-income households, and 1,624 units of housing
affordable to above-moderate income households.
Permits Issued
There were a total of 316 building permits issued for new housing units in Santa Ana in
2025, of which 81 housing units are affordable to very low-income and 101 to low-income
households, respectively. With the issuance of these permits, the City is on pace to
exceed its RHNA in all unit categories by the end of the planning period.
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Based on building permits issued. Parentheses are used to show the number of units developed in excess of the RHNA goal.
4
Housing Development Highlights
The following are six (6) examples of housing developments that address the various
housing challenges and needs facing the Santa Ana community:
425 E. Wellington Ave. Habitat for Humanity
Habitat for Humanity of Orange County is
advancing a project at 425 E. Wellington
Avenue that will convert an existing nine-
unit rental development into affordable
homeownership condominium units. On
July 1, 2025, the City Council approved
$920,000 in Inclusionary Housing Funds to
support the project.
918 N. Bewley St. Richard Lehn
Intergenerational Housing
The Richard Lehn Intergenerational
Housing project at 918 N. Bewley Street,
developed by Illumination Foundation,
»Above: Picture of the new affordable housing
conversion project at 425 E. Wellington Ave.
involves the rehabilitation of two two-story
residential buildings into 11 rental units
serving homeless transitional-age youth and senior citizens. The City supported the
project with $2,021,319 in Homeless Housing, Assistance and Prevention (HHAP) funds
and eight Project-Based Vouchers. As of May 13, 2025, the developer received building
and grading permits, selected a general contractor, and entered into a zero-sum contract.
Staff has disbursed 90% of the HHAP funds.
»Above: Rendered image of the Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing project at 918 N. Bewley St.
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1921 W. Washington Ave. Habitat for Humanity
Habitat for Humanity of Orange County was awarded $2.2 million in Inclusionary Housing
Funds to construct three residential buildings that would provide six affordable for sale
housing units on a vacant lot formerly improved with two duplexes. All six units will contain
three bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen, and an attached two-car garage. All units will
be sold to families who earn up to 80% of the area median income (AMI). Building permits
for the project were issued on September 30, 2025. All six program families have been
selected and have started their sweat equity hours, which Habitat for Humanity uses in-
lieu of a cash down payment.
»Above: Street View 1921 W. Washington Ave. development.
801809½ E. Santa Ana Blvd. FX Residences
FX Residences Development,
developed by HomeAid Orange
County, Inc. with Mercy House
as the service provider, is a
newly constructed affordable
multifamily development
consisting of 16 units of
permanent supportive housing
project is supported by
$1,656,947 in Housing
Successor Agency funds, three
Project-Based Vouchers, and a
»Above: Street side picture of the front of the FX Residences
development at 801-809½ E. Santa Ana Blvd.
99-year ground lease for 801 E.
Santa Ana Blvd. The project was
fully leased up by October 2025.
6
1411 N. Broadway WISEPlace Permanent Supportive Housing
The WISEPlace Permanent Supportive Housing project at 1411 N. Broadway, developed
by Jamboree Housing Corporation with WISEPlace as co-developer and lead service
provider, includes the adaptive reuse of a historic YWCA building and new construction
City supported the project with $5,256,327 in HOME-American Rescue Plan funds and
25 Project-Based Vouchers. The project achieved 100% occupancy on June 25, 2025
and was recipient of multiple awards including the California American Planning
Association Award of Merit for Advancing Diversity and Social Change in Honor of Paul
Davidoff.
»Above: Picture of the WISEPlace Permanent Supportive Housing project at 1411 N. Broadway.
7
2530 Westminster Ave. Archways Santa Ana
Archways Santa Ana, developed by Community Development Partners with Mercy House
as the service provider, is a newly constructed affordable multifamily community at 2530
Westminster Ave.
includes both large family units and permanent supportive housing, with 26 units funded
through Mainstream Program PBVs and Mental Health Services Act funding via the No
Place Like Home program. City and Housing Authority contributions include Inclusionary
Housing, HOME Investment Partnerships Program funds, Rental Rehabilitation Program
funds, and 26 Mainstream PBVs. The developer completed the permanent loan
conversion in April 2025.
»Above: StreetSide picture of the Archway Santa Ana Development at 2530 Westminster Ave.
8
ADU Production
As part of the Housing Element Update, the City surveyed the type and location of ADUs
to understand the demand for housing. A majority of ADUs were detached products built
in the Single-Family Residence (R1) zoning district. Moreover, SCAG surveyed ADUs
across the region to gather rent and affordability data for different income groups. The
survey found that 25 percent were affordable to very low-income households, 43 percent
to low-income households, and 30 percent to moderate-income households. This
demonstrates that affordable units are being constructed throughout the region and city,
from lower- to higher- income areas, furthering fair housing. Based on the findings of the
-based methodology for categorizing
affordability levels for non-deed-restricted ADUs for all jurisdictions in the SCAG region.
1
In 2025, the following number of ADU applications were submitted for initial review:
1
In 2025, the following number of ADU permits were issued:
1
In 2025, the following number of ADUs were built and completed:
1
SCAG methodology used to determine ADU affordability levels. The total sum of applications received, permits issued, and units
built includes all affordable units and units that were designated as market-rate.
9
Growth & Development
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Growth & Development
10
Growth and Development
The development, use, and distribution of land are critical to achieving the Cvision
and adhering to its core values. The City must plan for uses and development that create
a sustainable, healthy, and livable city; ensure equitable outcomes and land use
distributions; protect and enhance our cultural and community assets; and provide
opportunities for growth and prosperity. Land is a finite and valuable resource, especially
in Santa Ana; its use dictates the Ceconomic and fiscal future.
Overarching Growth Strategy
The Cgrowth strategy, documented in the General Plan, concentrates new growth
opportunities into key parts of the City while maintaining and enhancing its existing
neighborhoods, employment centers, and intact industrial centers. The General Plan
identifies five Focus Areas suitable for new growth and development. They are as follows:
South Main Street 55 Freeway/Dyer Road
Grand Avenue/17th Street South Bristol Street
West Santa Ana Boulevard
The Focus Areas are geographically distributed throughout the City, and each allows
Santa Ana to meet its diverse needs in different ways. The purpose and intent, specific
objectives, and custom land use types of urban development are to reimagine these
areas, realize the c
Comprehensive Zoning Code Update
characteristics, and other development aspects for specific areas, dates to the 1960s,
and while many amendments have been made over the years to address emerging land
use trends and ever-evolving state laws, the code remains rooted in the past, both in
terms of structure and content. The General Plan includes extensive lists of
implementation
measures that identify
specific programs,
actions, and time
frames the City will
undertake to implement
General Plan goals and
policies. To effectuate
many of these
programs and actions,
the City is preparing a
Comprehensive Zoning
»Above: A snippet from the Round 3 open house workshop series flyer.
Code Update.
11
In addition to updating and modernizing all aspects of the City
will include retooling and updating development practices and processes. To inform the
process, the City has outreached to and engaged with stakeholders. In 2025, the City
hosted the second and third round of workshops, as well as meetings with property
owners whose property may be rezoned, and began drafting nine new articles that will
make up the new zoning code.
The Village Santa Ana Specific Plan
The City Council unanimously approved The
Village Santa Ana Specific Plan on September
16, 2025, marking a transformative shift for a
17.2-acre commercial site near South Coast
Plaza. This landmark redevelopment, led by
the Segerstrom family, will replace an
underperforming shopping center with a high-
density, mixed-use community designed to
serve as a modern urban hub.
»Above: Rendering of the Village facing toward
The project features up to 1,583 residential
South Coast Plaza.
units, 80,000 square feet of retail and dining,
and 300,000 square feet of office space. Architecturally, the village will include buildings
ranging from one to 25 stories, all centered around a communal plaza. A major highlight
is 13.8 acres of open space, including 7.5 acres of publicly accessible parks.
Crucially, the development agreement includes $16.4 million in direct community benefits:
$9.3 million in flexible community benefit payments and $7.1 million in in-lieu fees
specifically dedicated to funding future affordable housing opportunities. These funds
ensure the project addresses the City's broader social and economic needs while creating
thousands of construction and permanent jobs.
To be developed in five phases over 20 years,
The Village Santa Analocated near the
massive $2.9 billion Related Bristol project
so
economic and cultural destination in Orange
County, balancing modern growth with
substantial investments in public infrastructure
and housing affordability.
»Above: Rendering of a ground-level view
inside the Village.
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A-Frame Ordinance
On September 16, 2025, the City Council unanimously
adopted an A-Frame Ordinance, allowing businesses to use
A-frame signs for advertising to support the local business
community and enhance promotional opportunities, as such
signage had previously been prohibited.
The A-frame regulations provide small business owners with
a cost-effective and flexible way to attract foot traffic and
promote their goods and services, while maintaining the
fety, accessibility, and a
visually cohesive public realm through clear and reasonable
standards.
»Above: Picture of an example A-
Frame Sign.
Group Home Ordinance
On September 16, 2025, the City Council approved a Group Home Ordinance to improve
living conditions for vulnerable residents while protecting neighborhood quality of life. By
establishing a comprehensive regulatory framework, the City ensures group homes
provide safe, high-quality environments for individuals with disabilities.
The ordinance balances
compassion with accountability
through mandatory permits and
operational standards, including
substance use restrictions and
measure empowers the City to
code enforce unlicensed
substandard housing, ensuring
that both residents and sober-
living facilities thrive in a secure,
»Above: Picture of a residential neighborhood in Santa Ana.
well-maintained environment.
13
Environmental Justice
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Environmental Justice
14
Environmental Justice
Core Values reinforce the C
to enjoy equal access to healthy environments, healthy foods, parks and recreational
facilities, and civic engagement opportunities. However, the City recognizes that
throughout its communities, some bear a disproportionate burden of pollution and
associated health risks. The concept of environmental justice (EJ) seeks to correct this
inequity by reducing pollution and increasing public investments in these communities
and ensuring their input is considered in decisions that affect them.
Environmental Justice in the General Plan
An EJ community is an area of the City where residents have the highest risk of exposure
to pollution in the air, water, and soil. This pollution may be caused by passing vehicles
or by the daily activities of businesses and institutions. Residents in these areas also tend
to be burdened by socioeconomic and health issues, such as higher rates of language
barriers, poverty, and asthma. Such areas also tend to experience lower rates of
investment and improvements from individuals, private companies, and public agencies.
Removing and addressing the root causes of EJ concerns in the built environment has
been made a high priority by the community and the City Council, especially as
experienced by low-income neighborhoods and vulnerable households throughout the
City. As such, that commitment has been memorialized in over 150 EJ-focused policies
and implementation actions within the City
Commitment to Addressing EJ Issues
To demonstrate the CityPlanning Division formed a new section,
Neighborhood Initiatives and Environmental Services (NIES), within the Planning and
communities through General Plan EJ policy and implementation work. In 2025, the NIES
team worked diligently to begin implementing and addressing the EJ-related actions in
the General Plan.
Transit Zoning Code Update and Implementation
On June 17, 2025, the Santa Ana City Council
approved an historic update to the Transit Zoning
Code (TZC) to restrict industrial land uses and
enhance public health. Since adoption, the
Planning Division has shifted attention in this
area from drafting new land use regulations to
implementation.
Since the shift to implementation, staff have
prioritized direct community and business
interactions, including outreach to 130 industrial
»Above: Picture of small group breakout as
businesses and held 21 one-on-one sessions to
part of a Transit Zoning Code Update workshop.
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clarify new regulations and document impacts like noise and illegal dumping. The City
also conducted community engagement in the Logan and Lacy Neighborhoods including
an Environmental Justice ber 3,
2025, and presentations to Garfield Elementary parent leaders and over 50 community
leaders at a KidWorks Family Town Hall on November 6 and November 18, 2025,
respectively. Feedback from these sessions highlighted a need for better tools to monitor
industrial operations near schools and residential areas and clear guidance for residents
to report quality-of-life concerns.
In response, staff is developing a dual-track reporting strategy that empowers residents
by training them to use the mySantaAna app to report immediate quality-of-life concerns
while connecting them directly with external agencies like the Southern California Air
Quality Management District (SCAQMD) and the Department of Toxic Substances
Control (DTSC), two agencies with the legal authority to investigate industrial permit
violations or other compliance issues.
To inform future implementation activities, the City released a Request for Proposals
(RFP) for a "Noxious Uses" Study, which will establish a three-phase technical framework
to identify nonconforming businesses that meet the "noxious use" definition, rank those
businesses based on their objective impacts on the environment and resident quality-of-
life, and conduct a detailed economic evaluation to establish a formal amortization period.
This data-driven approach creates the necessary legal groundwork to systematically
phase out high-impact industrial operations while maintaining an accountable process for
sion, the City will integrate these findings with
updated legal mechanisms to initiate the amortization process for a priority noxious use
business - marking a major milestone in resolving historical land-use inequities and
restoring the quality of life for Santa Ana residents.
Cool Pavement Program
To mitigate the impacts of the urban heat
island effect, the City used $125,000 in
Community Development Block Grant
funding to launch a "Cool Pavement"
program. The Neighborhood Initiatives and
Environmental Services Division
collaborated with the Public Works
Park Services Section to rehabilitate 41,400
square feet of the Madison Park parking lot
»Above: Picture of a crew coating asphalt to prepare
and 10,400 square feet of the Campesino
for the installation of cool pavements.
Park parking lot. Completed in 2025, these
improvements replaced traditional asphalt with advanced paving materials to reflect solar
energy and reduce surface temperatures, while also upgrading ADA compliance and
restriping both areas.
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al Businesses
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Economic Prosperity
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Economic Prosperity
Located at the center of jobs-rich Orange County, Santa Ana businesses and workforce
goals and policies promote expansion, maintenance, and enhancement of job
opportunities for residents; attract and retain a balance of business types; and contribute
to the overall quality of life experienced by the City
economic prosperity.
Launch your Business Workshop Series
The 2025 Launch Your Business Workshop Series
provided aspiring entrepreneurs a clear, step-by-step
introduction to starting a business. Offered monthly, the
workshops covered key topics including business
name selection and registration, business licensing,
required permits, and state-level requirements such as
held in English each month, with Spanish-language
workshops offered bi-monthly to expand accessibility.
The series offered hands-on, supportive learning that
encouraged questions, practical application, and peer
connection. Most importantly, the series served as an
entry point for building lasting relationships and
partnerships between the City, new entrepreneurs, and
»Above: Picture of a Launch your
small business owners, reinforcing a shared
Business workshop.
commitment to economic growth and business
success.
Santa Ana & Sahuayo Business Expo
In March 2025, the Santa AnaSahuayo Sister Cities Business Expo delivered a
successful three-day program, drawing strong attendance and reinforcing the
economic partnership. The event convened business owners, entrepreneurs,
manufacturers, artisans, and community leaders to promote international trade,
collaboration, and economic growth.
Supported by the participation of elected
officials and civic leaders from both cities, the
Expo underscored a shared commitment to
cross-border engagement and development.
Structured business-to-business meetings,
networking opportunities, and product exhibits
»Above: Picture from the Sahuayo Sister
from Sahuayo facilitated meaningful
Cities Business Expo.
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exchanges, offered partnership opportunities, and strengthened existing long-term
business relationships. Overall, the Expo served as a results-driven platform for
collaboration and relationship-building, marking another milestone in the partnership.
Santa Ana GROW 2025
The 2025 Santa Ana GROW Conference
as a leader in central
by
the Santa Ana Chamber of Commerce with
support from the City, the conference
assembled business leaders, developers, and
entrepreneurs to report on the City
economic outlook and initiatives.
program highlighted the City
»Above:
location, diverse workforce, an
economic future. The sold-out event spotlighted key strategic initiativesincluding The
Row at Red Hill, the Footlab indoor soccer center, and the Rove electric vehicle charging
hub-use development, destination-
oriented amenities, and sustainable infrastructure. Broader discussion focused on
tourism, workforce development and clean technology.
Business Assistance Office
In 2025, the City established the Business
Assistance Office to provide hands-on support
to entrepreneurs. Open Monday through Friday
from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. and located on the
main floor of the Ross Annex of City Hall, the
office connected visitors directly with Economic
Development Specialists. Staff assisted with
business license and permit applications,
industry-specific pathways, zoning and location
guidance, and troubleshooting operational
»Above: Picture of Business Assistance Office staff.
challenges.
Guided by the mantra Santa Ana Is Open for Business the Business Assistance Office
was designed to deliver concierge-level service that builds clarity, confidence, and lasting
tion and
long-term economic growth.
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Parks & Public Spaces
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Parks & Public Spaces
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Parks & Public Spaces
Parks and public spaces are limited and valuable resources that provide multiple benefits
to those living and working in Santa Ana. They provides places of relaxation and reprieve
from the urban environment and offer places to gather, celebrate, learn, or exercise,
whether one is alone, with friends, family, or other members of the community. The City
boasts a variety of resources and provides hundreds of acres for public open space and
recreation. However, many neighborhoods in the City continue to lack public parks in the
amount and proximity needed to adequately service res
provides goals and policies to explore ways to provide parkland at a ratio of three acres
per 1,000 residents citywide and a more equitable distribution across the many
neighborhoods that make up Santa Ana. Public spaces, such as libraries, are vital for
community well-being as well, offering free access to resources, fostering social
interaction, and promoting civic engagement, making them essential for learning,
connection, and democratic participation.
Sandpointe Park
In early October 2025, the City
launched a transformative partnership
with KABOOM!, the Pacific Life
Foundation, and First Financial
Resources to deliver a new, youth-
inspired playground at Sandpointe
Park, replacing a deteriorating play
structure that had begun to limit safe
play opportunities for children. This
new investment directly addressed
long-standing play space inequities in
a neighborhood that had been
»Above: Picture of Youth Inspired Playground at Sandpointe
experiencing the negative impacts of
Park.
aging park infrastructure.
The project united the City Parks, Recreation and Community Services Agency, the
Public Works Agency, Pacific Life Foundation volunteers, First Financial Resources, and
local residents in a highly collaborative, community-driven effort. Centered on authentic
community engagement, the playground was designed with direct input from local youth
and parents, ensuring the final design reflected the needs, culture, and aspirations of the
neighborhood it serves.
Constructed over two days by nearly 200 volunteers, the new playground now provides
a safe, vibrant, and inclusive space for play, connection, and healthy development for
children and their families in the Sandpointe Park neighborhood and surrounding
community. The playground stands as a tangible example of how strategic collaboration
with community and corporate partners can reverse the impacts of outdated infrastructure
and transform resident-driven ideas into lasting public spaces that promote equity,
wellness, and community pride.
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Santa Ana Zoo
Opened in December 2025,
at the Santa Ana Zoo represents a major
Edge exhibit into a modern, immersive
habitat for otters and primates. Years in
the making and completed following
pandemic-related delays, this signature
capital improvement project reflects the
long-term commitment to animal
welfare, conservation education, and
»Above:
elevating visitor experience.
Entrance.
The project includes significant infrastructure upgrades, elevated primate pathways that
promote natural movement and enrichment, and thoughtfully designed indooroutdoor
habitats supported by a state-of-the-art water filtration system to ensure optimal water
quality and animal health. These enhancements not only provide animals with
environments that better support their physical and behavioral needs, but also strengthen
immersive guest experiences such as underwater otter viewing, dynamic interpretive
graphics, and educational storytelling connecting
visitors to local and global conservation efforts.
The exhibit creates meaningful opportunities for
learning, empathy-building, and stewardship, in
an ethical, environmentally-responsible, and
intimate setting.
achievement of Association of Zoos and
Aquariums (AZA) accreditation in 2025. This
continued compliance with rigorous AZA
standards related to animal care, habitat quality,
safety, and conservation programming. A multi-
exhibithe
long-,
positioning Santa Ana Zoo for sustained
excellence, expanded conservation impact, and
»Above: Picture of a Monkey at the Santa Ana
enhanced community pride for years to come.
Zoo.
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s
The ADA Sidewalk Improvements
Project completed in December 2025,
delivered critical accessibility upgrades at Lilly
King Park, Memorial Park, Heritage Park, and
Portola Park by removing and replacing
approximately 20,000 square feet of non-ADA-
compliant sidewalks. The project focused on
improving safety and accessibility throughout
each park, ensuring pathways meet ADA
standards and provide smooth, continuous
routes for all users. Related work included tree
root shaving and reconfigured layouts to
resolve drainage issues and reduce the
likelihood of future sidewalk damage. The
improvements enhance access for all park
visitors, including individuals with disabilities,
seniors, and families with strollers, creating
»Above: Picture of ADA Improvements at Memorial
safer, more inclusive public spaces.
Park.
New Prefabricated Restroom Replacements at City Parks
Completed in August 2025, installation of new prefabricated restrooms at four City parks
modernized restroom facilities at Heritage Park, Angels Park, Riverview Park, and
Windsor Park by removing aging, original-to-park restrooms, and replacing them with new
prefabricated structures that meet current ADA requirements and building code
standards. The project also included upgrades to surrounding area to ensure accessible
routes, compliant grades, and improved overall usability for park visitors.
»Above: Photo of Restroom Improvements at Heritage Park in Santa Ana.
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El Salvador ADA Restroom Improvements
Completed in June 2025, the El Salvador ADA Restroom Improvements Project
transformed existing facilities into six single-use occupancy restrooms, improving
accessibility, privacy, and overall functionality. The reconfiguration included the
construction of one fully ADA-compliant restroom, upgrades to ensure overall interior
restroom accessibility, and the installation of a new exterior hand-washing station.
PAAL Center ADA Restroom Improvements
The PAAL ADA Restrooms Improvement Project completed targeted repairs and
renovations to four existing interior restroom facilities to improve functionality and
accessibility. The scope of work included upgrading two restrooms to be ADA compliant,
adding one new restroom, and constructing a dedicated janitor room to support ongoing
facility maintenance and operations. This Project was completed in December 2025.
Bristol-Edinger Parking Lots Improvements
This project transformed an existing parking lot at Bristol and Edinger by activating the
site, upgrading ADA compliance, and creating a new revenue-generating opportunity
through Parks and Recreationled programming. This project was CDBG Funded and
completed in December of 2025.
24
IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
Sustainable Infrastructure
25
Sustainable Infrastructure
Santa Ana has a commitment to improving quality of life through the Santa Ana Green
Program and investment in sustainable infrastructure, thereby reducing carbon pollution,
protecting groundwater, promoting healthy lifestyles, and enhancing public safety. The
General Plan builds upon these ideas by providing goals and policies for healthy
neighborhood initiatives, which include tree planting, corridor greenways, build-green
initiatives, and energy conservation.
Rousselle Street Flood Protection Project
The City received $4,675,000 in state grant funding through the Proposition 68 Floodplain
Management, Protection, and Risk Awareness Program. In 2025, the City used this
funding to install approximately 1,350 feet of new 8footwide by 7foottall storm drain as
part of the Rousselle Street Flood Protection Project. This improvement addressed
deficiencies identified in the
the existing storm drain was undersized and required upgrading to adequately convey
storm flows. In addition to the storm drain replacement, the project incorporated
droughttolerant landscaping along the Maple Bike Trail, new sidewalk and driveway
improvements, asphalt paving, and educational signage. Collectively, these
enhancements will reduce flooding within the Delhi watershed, improve water quality, and
enhance the overall aesthetics and functionality of the surrounding neighborhood.
»Above: Pictures of the Rousselle Street Flood Protection Project.
26
Standard Avenue Protected Bike Lanes
The Standard Avenue Bikeway Project
enhances mobility for bicycle and
pedestrian travel along Standard
Avenue and improves access to
Downtown, four schools, and four
parks. The project repurposes the
existing roadway to provide one vehicle
travel lane in each direction while
delivering multimodal and streetscape
improvements including new on-street
bicycle lanes between Warner Avenue
and First Street, landscaped planting
areas, and new on-street parking. The
»Above: Street-side view of the Standard Avenue Protected
project also includes installation of a
Bike Lanes.
Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon at
the Standard Avenue and Wakeham Avenue intersection to improve pedestrian and
bicycle crossings. It also adds a new traffic signal at the Standard Avenue and Bishop
Street intersection. Bicycle infrastructure is enhanced at the Standard Avenue and
McFadden Avenue intersection to improve connectivity with the planned eastwest
bikeway on McFadden Avenue. In addition, the project accommodates continued OCTA
bus stops and transit operations, as well as access for grocery delivery trucks and food
trucks. The project is approximately 90 percent complete, with the remaining work limited
to the protected intersection at Standard Avenue and McFadden Avenue.
First Street Multimodal Boulevard Study
The City received $4,300,000 in state funding for the First Street Multimodal Boulevard
Study. This study endeavors to re-envision about three miles of First Street from Bristol
Street to Tustin Avenue as a safer, more accessible, and more equitable corridor,
including people walking, bicycling, riding transit, and driving. Initiated in May 2025, the
»Above: Map depicting the extent of the First Street Multimodal Boulevard Study.
27
study kicked off with community meetings that will lead to selection of a locally-preferred
alternative that implements -
identified needs. The project aims to improve safety, reduce speed-related collisions,
nd often vulnerable
populations.
Well 29 Rehabilitation Project
The Well 29 Rehabilitation Project provides long-term
benefits by restoring reliable water production of 2,500
GPM. The well feeds directly into the 10-million-gallon
Walnut Station Reservoir, which serves the heart of the
City in the downtown district. New pump, motor, and
piping improvements strengthen reliability, while
electrical rehabilitation enhances efficiency. The
protective building and wall reduce exposure and
entrances with pedestrian safety lighting improve site
safety and eliminate the traffic control once required to
access the exposed site. At the community level,
partnership with the nearby high school, which received
»Above: Pictures of an upgraded
new pickleball courts and two digital billboards to
electrical, control, and HVAC system.
enhance recreation, neighborhood outreach and
communication.
These improvements safeguard public health,
modernize aging infrastructure, and strengthen
community connections, raising quality of life
for residents and enhancing system resilience.
This project was completed in 2025.
»Above:
Well 32 Rehabilitation Project
The rehabilitation of Well 32 provides lasting benefits to Santa Ana residents by securing
a critical, reliable, and drought-resilient water supply. Producing 2,500 GPM, the well
feeds directly into the 15-million-t and most vital
storage facility, enhancing fire protection and ensuring supply during emergencies and
28
peak demand. Onsite chlorine generation provides a dependable and cost-effective
disinfection method, guaranteeing safe water even during supply chain disruptions. By
reducing dependence on imported water, the project supports rate stability.
At the community level,
recreational and environmental
upgrades were delivered, including
resurfaced and repainted
basketball, tennis, and volley ball
courts, renovated lighting for
evening use, new fencing with
privacy screening, and permeable
asphalt in the Morrison Park
parking lot to improve storm water
recharge replenishing
underground aquifers. Together,
these improvements enhance
»Above: Picture of a new vertical turbine pump and high-efficiency
water reliability, recreational motor installed at Well 32 (Left); Picture of court resurfacing and
restoration (Right).
spaces, and environmental
stewardship, significantly elevating
quality of life across the City.
Median Improvements
The City continues to enhance street medians that
were left in desolate conditions following the State
ago. These improvements will be implemented
over a three-year period and are intended to
enhance the public realm, creating a more
attractive environment. The project scope includes
the installation of low-maintenance, drought-
tolerant, and resilient plant materials, as well as
the repair and/or upgrade of irrigation systems
where applicable.
Agency has improved approximately 2.12 miles of
previously barren or non-landscaped medians.
Efforts have focused on Edinger Avenue (from
Grand Avenue to Bristol Street) and Bristol Street
(from Sunflower Avenue to Alton Avenue), with
»Above: Picture of improved median.
improvements on both streets completed in
December 2025.
29
Attachment A General Plan Implementation Actions
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ƭƦƚƓƭƚƩƭŷźƦƭͲ źƓΏƉźƓķ ķƚƓğƷźƚƓƭ ƚƩ ƭĭŷƚƌğƩƭŷźƦ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ǒƓķĻƩǒƷźƌźǩĻķ ƭƦğĭĻƭ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
ŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƭƷǒķǤ Ʒƚ ğƓğƌǤǩĻ ǝğĭğƓƷ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ğƭŷźƓŭƷƚƓ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ǝğĭğƓƷ ğƓķ
{ƨǒğƩĻ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻƭ Ǟğƭ
ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌƌǤ ǒƓķĻƩǒƷźƌźǩĻķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźǩĻ ŷƚǞ ƭǒĭŷ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬĻ
ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒźƓŭ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
ƓźŅźĻķ
ƩĻƦǒƩƦƚƭĻķ źƓƷƚ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƭ ƚƩ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵
{ĭŷƚƚƌ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Λ{!
{5Μ ĻĭŷƓźĭğƌ !ķǝźƭƚƩǤ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ Λ!/Μ Ʒƚ
ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ !ƩƒƚƩǤ ƷŷğƷ ƭƷƩğķķƌĻƭ 5Ļƌŷź tğƩƉ ğƓķ aƚƓƩƚĻ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Њ͵Ѝ Ļƭ t.!Ήtw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
9ƌĻƒĻƓƷğƩǤ {ĭŷƚƚƌ ĭğƒƦǒƭ źƓ ğƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ͵ LƓ
ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ tw/{! ŷğƭ ğƭƭǒƒĻķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ DƩźƭĻƷ
tğƩƉ͵ !ƌƭƚͲ ƷŷĻƩĻ ğƩĻ ƦƩĻƌźƒźƓğƩǤ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƚƓ ğĬƚǒƷ ĬƩźƓŭźƓŭ
{ƦǒƩŭĻƚƓ tğƩƉ ĬğĭƉ ǒƓķĻƩ ğ WƚźƓƷ
ƭĻ !ŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷ ğŅƷĻƩ ƷŷĻ
ƦƩĻǝźƚǒƭ WƚźƓƷ
ƭĻ !ŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷ ĻǣƦźƩĻķ źƓ ЋЉЋЉ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
!ƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ LƓ ƦğƩƉ ķĻŅźĭźĻƓƷ ğƓķ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭͲ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
ŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !ƓźƷğ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ /ĻƓƷĻƩ źƭ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ Ʒƚ ƚƦĻƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ğƩĻ ǝźğĬƌĻ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ
{ƦƩźƓŭ ƚŅ ЋЉЋЏ ŅĻğƷǒƩźƓŭ ğ ĬƩğƓķ ƓĻǞ ƭǤƓƷŷĻƷźĭ ƷǒƩŅ ŅźĻƌķͲ ğ ƓĻǞ
ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌͲ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌͲ ğƓķ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ǞĻƌƌƓĻƭƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ĬǒƷ ƓƚƷ ƌźƒźƷĻķ
ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭͲ ƓĻǞ t!!\[ ĭĻƓƷĻƩͲ {!t5 ƭƷƚƩĻŅƩƚƓƷ ğƓķ Ʀƚƚƌ͵
Ʒƚ ƭĭŷƚƚƌ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ƚŅ ŅğźƷŷΏĬğƭĻķ ğƓķ ĭźǝźĭ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƩźǝğƷĻƌǤ
ŷĻ aĻƒƚƩźğƌ tğƩƉ !ƨǒğƷźĭƭ CğĭźƌźƷǤ źƭ ƓƚǞ ǒƓķĻƩ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ
ƚǞƓĻķ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ĻƓƷĻƩƷğźƓƒĻƓƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤͲ źƓǝĻƓƷƚƩǤͲ ğƓķ ƩğƓƉ ƚƷŷĻƩ
źƭ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ ŅƚƩ ƚĭĭǒƦğƓĭǤ źƓ Cğƌƌ ƚŅ ЋЉЋЏ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ Ǟźƌƌ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƦğƩƉ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓͲ ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƦğƩƉƭͲ ğƓķΉƚƩ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Њ͵Ў Ļƭ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ ĭƚƓĭƌǒķĻ ğƓķ ğ Ѝ͵Ў ğĭƩĻ ǝğĭğƓƷ ğƩĻğ ǞźƷŷźƓ /ĻƓƷĻƓƓźğƌ tğƩƉ ǞźƷŷ ĬĻ
ƦğƩƉƭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
ƷƩğƓƭŅƚƩƒĻķ źƓƷƚ ğ ŅğƒźƌǤΉķƚŭ ƌĻźƭǒƩĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻǣ ǞźƷŷ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ
{ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ wźǝĻƩ Ʃğźƌ ĬǤ {ƦƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЏ͵ ! ƓĻǞ ƦğƩƉ ƭźƷĻͲ {ğƌǝğķƚƩ
vǒźƓƷğƓğ tğƩƉͲ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ .ƩźƭƷƚƌ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩͲ źƭ
źƓ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƷ ƷŷĻ .ƩźƭƷƚƌΉƚƌźǝĻƩ ƦğƩƉ ƭźƷĻ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ ŅƚƩ
ƚƦĻƓźƓŭ źƭ ƌğƷĻ Cğƌƌ ЋЉЋЏ͵
tƩƚŭƩğƒ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ͵ ƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ
!Ɠ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ƒĻĻƷƭ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ Ʒƚ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚƓ ğ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤ Ʒƚ
ŷğǝĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌͲ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌͲ ğƓķ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ǞĻƌƌƓĻƭƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭͲ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ
ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ DƚƌķĻƓ \[ƚƚƦ͵ ğƩƓĻƩ \[źƓĻğƩ tŷğƭĻƭ Њ ε Ћ
ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźǝĻͲ ĭƚƒŅƚƩƷğĬƌĻͲ ğƓķ ƭğŅĻ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğƓķ
ğƩĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷǒğƌƌǤ ķĻƭźŭƓ ğƓķ ğƓ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ
ĬźƉĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ tğƩƉƭ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ ΛğƓ
Ʒƚ ĬĻ ķźƭĭǒƭƭĻķ͵ ŷĻ .ƩźƭƷƚƌ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ /ƚƩƩźķƚƩ ŷğƭ ĬĻŭǒƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ
źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ğĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ 9ƌĻƒĻƓƷΜ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ
ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ {ğƌǝğķƚƩ vǒźƓƷğƓğ tğƩƉ ƌƚĭğƷĻķ ğƷ ƷŷĻ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƩĻğƷĻ ƷŷĻƭĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ͵ tƩźƚƩźƷźǩĻ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ
.ƩźƭƷƚƌΉƚƌƌźǝĻƩ ƦğƩƉ ƭźƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƦğƩƉ ƚƦĻƓźƓŭ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ ŅƚƩ Cğƌƌ ЋЉЋЏ͵
ŅƚƩ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤγƭ ĭğƦźƷğƌ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒͳ źƓĭƌǒķĻ
/ƚƓĭĻƦƷǒğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓƭ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ ƚŅ ƓĻǣƷ ƦŷğƭĻƭ ƚŅ
źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ ŅƚƩ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ ǞŷĻƓ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ ğƩĻ ƒğķĻ źƓ ƓĻǞ ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ
.ƩźƭƷƚƌΉaǤƩƷƌĻ ğƓķ .ƩźƭƷƚƌΉtźƓĻ ƦğƩƉ ƭźƷĻƭ͵ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ tŷğƭĻ Ћ
ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Њ͵Џ Ļƭ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ Ǟğƭ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ źƓ WğƓǒğƩǤ ЋЉЋЏ ğƓķ źƭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤ ǒƓķĻƩǞğǤ ǞźƷŷ
ŭƩğƓƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ĬĻźƓŭ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ŅƚƩ tŷğƭĻ Ќ Ǟŷźĭŷ źƭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤ
ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ͵ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğ ĬźƉĻ ƷƩğźƌ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ğ ƌğƩŭĻƩ
ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌΉĭƚǒƓƷǤ ĬźƉĻ ƷƩğźƌ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵ tw/{!Ήt! ƭƷğŅŅ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭ ğƩĻ
ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ ƚƓ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ
/ƚƓƓĻĭƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ͵ ! ƩĻŭǒƌğƷĻķ ĭƩƚƭƭǞğƌƉ Ǟğƭ źƓƭƷğƌƌĻķ ğƷ ЊЉƷŷ ğƓķ
CƌƚǞĻƩ ğƭ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƦŷğƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ЊЉƷŷ ğƓķ CƌƚǞĻƩ ƦğƩƉ ƭźƷĻ ƷŷğƷ Ǟźƌƌ
ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ğ ƭğŅĻ ƩƚǒƷĻ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƉ ğƓķ ƭĭŷƚƚƌƭ
wĻƓƷğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ͵ !ǒŭƒĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ tƩƚğĭƷźǝĻ wĻƓƷğƌ 9ƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ Ļğƒ ğƓķ
ŷĻ tw9t ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ źƓ 9W ğƩĻğƭ ğƓķ ǞƚƩƉĻķ ǞźƷŷ
wĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ wĻƭƦƚƓƭĻ Ļğƒ ǞźƷŷ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ŭĻğƩĻķ ƷƚǞğƩķ ğĬƭĻƓƷĻĻ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ƒğƓğŭĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ƚƓ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ǞźƷŷ
ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ƚŅ ƩĻƓƷğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ͵ /ƩĻğƷĻ ğƓķ ƦĻƩźƚķźĭğƌƌǤ ķźƭƷƩźĬǒƷĻ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ źƓ
ĭŷƩƚƓźĭ ƒǒƌƷźŅğƒźƌǤ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ źƭƭǒĻƭ źƓ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ
ƚƩķĻƩ Ʒƚ ĻķǒĭğƷĻ ğĬƭĻƓƷĻĻ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ƌĻŭğƌ ƚĬƌźŭğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ğƓķ ǒƦƉĻĻƦ
ŭƩĻğƷƌǤ ğŅŅĻĭƷĻķ ĬǤ ŭğƓŭ ğƓķ ķƩǒŭ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵
ƩĻƓƷğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ͵ 5źƭƷƩźĬǒƷĻ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƷĻƓğƓƷƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷŷĻźƩ ƩźŭŷƷƭ ğƓķ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Њ͵А Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓͲ ƭƚ ƷŷĻǤ ğƩĻ ƓƚƷ ƦĻƓğƌźǩĻķ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ƚƩ ƌźǝźƓŭ źƓ ğ ķǞĻƌƌźƓŭ ǒƓźƷ ƷŷğƷ
ķƚĻƭ ƓƚƷ ƒĻĻƷ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵ ƩğƓƭƌğƷĻ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ źƓƷƚ {ƦğƓźƭŷͲ
źĻƷƓğƒĻƭĻͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƌğƓŭǒğŭĻƭ͵ tƩźƚƩźƷźǩĻ ƭǒĭŷ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ŅƚƩ
ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƩĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻƉ ƭƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ŅĻķĻƩğƌ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƚƩ
LƓ / ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ źƷƭ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩĻǝĻƓƷ ķźƭƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƩĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤΏĬğƭĻķ
ĬǤ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ wĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ wĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷźƚƓ DƩğƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ ǞźƷŷ
ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ źƭƭǒĻƭ ğƓķ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƓĻĻķĻķͲ ĻƭƦĻĭźğƌƌǤ ŅƚƩ
/ƚķĻ 9ƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ tƩƚğĭƷźǝĻ wĻƓƷğƌ 9ƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ
ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵
Λtw9tΜ͵ LƓ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦ ǞźƷŷ IğĬźƷğƷ ŅƚƩ IǒƒğƓźƷǤ ƚŅ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤͲ
ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ ŭƩğƓƷƭ ƚŅ ǒƦ Ʒƚ υЋЎͲЉЉЉ Ʒƚ ƓźƓĻ ΛВΜ
ŷƚǒƭĻŷƚƌķƭ ŅƚƩ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƩĻƦğźƩƭ źƓ ƭźƓŭƌĻΏŅğƒźƌǤ ğƓķ ƒƚĬźƌĻ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Њ͵Б Ļƭ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŷƚƒĻƭ͵ tƩźƚƩźƷǤ Ǟğƭ ŭźǝĻƓ Ʒƚ ƌƚǞΏźƓĭƚƒĻ ŷƚǒƭĻŷƚƌķƭͲ ƭĻƓźƚƩƭ ΛЏЋњΜͲ
ķźƭğĬƌĻķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ƌƚĭğƷĻķ źƓ /5.D ĭĻƓƭǒƭ ƷƩğĭƷƭ͵
.Ǥ ğƌźŭƓźƓŭ Ʒŷźƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ǞźƷŷ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ŷĻƌƦĻķ
ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƓĻĭĻƭƭğƩǤ ƩĻƦğźƩƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƒğķĻ ǞŷźƌĻ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ
ƭƷğĬźƌźƷǤ ŅƚƩ ǝǒƌƓĻƩğĬƌĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğƩĻğƭ źƓ ƓĻĻķ ƚŅ ğ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźǝĻͲ
t.!γƭ źƓǝƚƌǝĻƒĻƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ ğƓķ ƩĻźƓǝźƭźƚƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ЊƭƷ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ
ĭƚƒŅƚƩƷğĬƌĻͲ ğƓķ ƭğŅĻ ǞğƌƉźƓŭ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
ŅƩƚƒ .ƩźƭƷƚƌ Ʒƚ ǒƭƷźƓ !ǝĻ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ĭƩǒĭźğƌ źƓ ĻƓƭǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ƚƩ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ĭĻƓƷĻƩƭͲ źƓ ĭƚƓƆǒƓĭƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ !ĭƷźǝĻ ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ
ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷğƓƷ ĻǣĻĭǒƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ƚŅ Ʒŷźƭ ƭźƷĻ
tƌğƓ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ћ͵Ћ Ļƭ t!Ήt.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻƭ ƚŅ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ͵ t.! bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ğĬƌĻ
Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ b! ƌĻğķĻƩƭγ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ Ʒŷźƭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ ğƌƭƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ
ƷŷĻ ǞğƌƉğĬźƌźƷǤ ƓĻĻķƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ǟƚǒƌķ ƌźƉĻ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻ͵
tĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ 9ƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƓĻǞ ƚƩ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ĭğƩĻ
t.! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭ ĬĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ
ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓΏŅƩźĻƓķƌǤ ƭźƷĻ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭ͵ LƓ ğƩĻğƭ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƒƚĬźƌĻ ĭƌźƓźĭƭ ğƩĻ
ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƦƚƭğƌƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ќ͵Ћ Ļƭ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƷğƷźƚƓĻķͲ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓ źƭ ƭğŅĻ ğƓķ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓƭͲ ĭǤĭƌźƭƷƭͲ ğƓķ
ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ͵
ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ǒƭĻƩƭ͵
IĻğƌƷŷ ƒĻƷƩźĭƭ͵ 9ƓŭğŭĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ƉĻǤ ŷĻğƌƷŷ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƭǒĭĭĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ǒƦķğƷĻƭ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ
ƚǒƷĭƚƒĻ ƚŅ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ
ŷĻğƌƷŷ ķğƷğ ğƭ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ
źƓ źƓĭźķĻƓĭĻ źƓ ğƭƷŷƒğ ğƓķ ƌƚǞ ĬźƩƷŷ ǞĻźŭŷƷ ƚŅ źƓŅğƓƷƭ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ќ͵Ќ Ļƭ t.!Ή/ah ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
!ŭĻƓĭǤ͵ ŷĻ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓƭŷźƦ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ŭǒźķğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ƚǒƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƚǒƩ ƭƷğŅŅ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻ Dt ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ
ğƓķ ƷŷĻźƩ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭ ğƩĻ ŅƚĭǒƭĻķ ƚƓ ƩĻķǒĭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ
ŷĻğƌƷŷ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
tƩĻǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
t.! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ǞƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ h/ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻͲ h/9W ğƓķ Dw99bΏ
ƷŷĻ ƩƚƚƷ ĭğǒƭĻƭ ƚŅ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ķźƭƦğƩźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ źƓĻƨǒźƷźĻƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !ƓğͲ ǞźƷŷ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ
atb! Ʒƚ ğƓğƌǤǩĻ ğƓķ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ķğƷğ ŅƩƚƒ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ źƓ ğƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷ
ķĻƷğźƌ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ƌźǝźƓŭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ќ͵Ѝ Ļƭ t.!Ή/ah ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ʒƚ ƌźƓƉ ğƓǤ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƩƚƚƷ ĭğǒƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ŷĻğƌƷŷ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒğƷźĭ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻƷƷĻƩ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƩƚƚƷ ĭğǒƭĻƭ͵
9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ 9ķǒĭğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ğƌƌ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓ źƓƭƷźƷǒƷźƚƓƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ Ʒƚ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ŷğǝĻ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ƷŷĻźƩ
źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĭǒƩƩźĭǒƌǒƒ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƌ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ
ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓƭŷźƦ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅƚƩǒƒ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ
ĭƌĻğƓ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƨǒğƌźƷǤͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ŷĻğƌƷŷ źƓ ƚǒƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ƭƷğƷĻ ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźǝĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !va5 ğƭ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ќ͵ЎĻƭ t.!Ή/ah ЋЉЋЋ ΏЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǞĻƌƌ ğƭ {ƚ/ğƌ Dğƭ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ĬĻƷƷĻƩ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ
ƒźƓźƒźǩźƓŭ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ͵ {ǒĭŷ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷĻƭ ğƩĻ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƷğƉĻ ƚŅŅ źƓ ЋЉЋЏ͵
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ĭźƷǤͲ ĻƭƦĻĭźğƌƌǤ ƷŷƚƭĻ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵ 9ǣğƒƦƌĻƭ
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źƌķĻƩƓĻƭƭ /ƌǒĬͲ DƚƌķĻƓ IƚǒƩ ğƌƉźƓŭ /ƌǒĬͲ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ DğƩķĻƓ
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵ LƓĭƌǒķĻ ğ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƚƓ ƚƓ ğƩĻğƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭͲ ğƓķ ğ ǝğƩźĻƷǤ ƚŅ ŷĻğƌƷŷͲ ŅźƷƓĻƭƭͲ ǞĻƌƌƓĻƭƭͲ ğƓķ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ
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ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ǞĻƌƌƓĻƭƭ͵
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ΛƭĻƓźƚƩΏŅƚĭǒƭĻķ ğƨǒğƷźĭƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭΜͲ 9ƒĻƩŭźƓŭ \[źŅĻŭǒğƩķ
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hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤͲ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƌ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ
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9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ WǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƓķ
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ŷĻğƌƷŷĭğƩĻ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Λź͵Ļ͵Ͳ Ĭƌƚƚķ ƌĻğķ ƷĻƭƷźƓŭͲ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷΜ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ĻƭƦĻĭźğƌƌǤ
ƚƩķĻƩ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĬĻƭƷ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ Ǟźƌƌ ƩĻķǒĭĻ
ƷŷƚƭĻ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƭźķĻ źƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ !ķķźƷźƚƓğƌƌǤͲ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ Ʒƚ
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ğķǝƚĭğƷĻ ŅƚƩ ğķƆǒƭƷƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ ğƓķ {ƷğƷĻ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ h/ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤγƭ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƚŅ ƌĻğķ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƭĭƩĻĻƓźƓŭ ƌĻǝĻƌƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ŷĻğƌƷŷǤ ƚǒƷĭƚƒĻƭ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƌĻğķ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ źƓ ŷƚƒĻƭ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻķ ğƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ b! ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭͲ 9W
ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ğƭ ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķĻķ ĬǤ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ĻǣƦĻƩƷƭ͵
ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ
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ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ğƓķ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƭ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ aƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ Ǟŷźĭŷ Ǟźƌƌ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ǞźƷŷ ğ ĬğƭĻƌźƓĻ ķğƷğ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ͵ DğƷŷĻƩ ğƓķ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ğƓķ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ źƓ ƭǒĭŷ ƦƌğƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƷƩǒĻ ğźƩ ĻƌĻƒĻƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷǞƚ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ƒƚƭƷ źƒƦğĭƷĻķ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵
ƷŷĻźƩ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬźƌźƷǤ Ʒƚ ğƓķ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ŅƚƩ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵ CǒƩƷŷĻƩͲ Ʒŷźƭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ğźƒƭ Ʒƚ ǒƭĻ ğ ĭƚƒƦğƩğƷźǝĻ ƒĻƷŷƚķ Ʒƚ ğƓğƌǤǩĻ ƷŷĻ ķğƷğ
ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƷǞƚ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷğƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Њ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ǟŷźĭŷ źƭ ƓƚƷ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩĻķ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌƌǤ źƒƦğĭƷĻķ͵ LƓ ğƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷ Ʒƚ ŅǒƩƷŷĻƩ
ĻǣƦğƓķ ƷŷĻƭĻ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭͲ źƓķƚƚƩ ğźƩ ƦǒƩźŅźĻƩƭ Ǟźƌƌ ğƌƭƚ ĬĻ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ
ğƭ ğƓ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƓƷƭ Ǟŷƚ ŷƚƭƷ ğƓ ğźƩ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ĭƚǒƩƭĻ ƚŅ
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DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЍ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ źķĻƓƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ
/źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ Ǟğƭ ğǞğƩķĻķ ƷŷĻ {ƚ/ğƌDğƭ ŭƩğƓƷ Ʒƚ ƌğǒƓĭŷ ğƓ ğźƩ
ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƌ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ğ ƦƩźƚƩźƷǤ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ƭƷǒķǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ \[ƚŭğƓ ğƓķ \[ğĭǤ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵ ŷźƭ
ķĻƭźŭƓğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ĻƌźŭźĬƌĻ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤͲ ǞźƷŷ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚƓ ğƩĻğƭ
ƭƷǒķǤ Ǟźƌƌ ğƌƌƚǞ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦğƓķ ƷŷĻ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉ ƚŅ ğźƩ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Ћ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǞźƷŷ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ƓĻĻķƭ ğƓķ ŷźŭŷĻƭƷ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĬǒƩķĻƓ ğƭ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ /ğƌ9ƓǝźƩƚ{ĭƩĻĻƓ
ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩƭ ƷŷğƷ ĻǣźƭƷ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵
Ʒƚƚƌ͵ LŅ ƭǒĭŷ ķĻƭźŭƓğƷźƚƓ źƭ ƓƚƷ ğǞğƩķĻķͲ ƭĻĻƉ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķƭ ŅƚƩ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƌƚĭğƌ
ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ͵
tƩƚğĭƷźǝĻ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ŅƚƭƷĻƩ ğƓķ ĻǣƦğƓķ źƷƭ
5źƭƷƩźĭƷ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƌ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ źƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ ĻǣƦĻƩźĻƓĭźƓŭ ƌƚĭğƌ ğźƩ
ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓƭŷźƦ ǞźƷŷ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !va5 ğƓķ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ŭƚ
ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓƭ źƭƭǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƚǒƷƌźƓĻ ƚĬƆĻĭƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ğźƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ źƓ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Ќ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĬĻǤƚƓķ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƨǒĻƭƷ ƚŅ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ źƓ 9W
ğķǝğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ğ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķΉƚƩ ğźƩ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭͲ ĬǒƷ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩĻǝĻƓƷ ŅǒƩƷŷĻƩ
ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ƦƌğƓ͵
źƒƦğĭƷƭ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ğƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ͵
IĻğƌƷŷ ƩźƭƉ ĭƩźƷĻƩźğ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ĭƩźƷĻƩźğ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƨǒźƩźƓŭ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ƩźƭƉ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷƭ ŅƚƩ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ źƓ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ ĭƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ
ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ğƓķ ƓĻǞ źƓķǒƭƷƩźĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭͲ ƷŷƩĻƭŷƚƌķƭͲ ğƓķ ƭĭƚƦĻ ƚŅ
Ʒƚ ǞƚƩƉ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźǩĻ ƷŷĻ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ĻǣƦƚƭǒƩĻƭ ƌźƓƉĻķ Ʒƚ
ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ͵ wĻǝźĻǞ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ğƓķ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ƓĻǞ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ğƓķ ğǝƚźķ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Ѝ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ źƒƦğĭƷƭ źƓ ğƓķ ğƩƚǒƓķ 9W ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵
źƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƓĻğƩ ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ƩĻĭĻƦƷƚƩƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ
ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵
!ŭĻƓĭǤ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭ͵ aƚƓźƷƚƩ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ ƩĻĭƚƩķΏƉĻĻƦźƓŭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğƓķ
ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭ ğƓķ źƓƭƦĻĭƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Ʒƚ
ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ ƚǒƷ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ ǞźƷŷ {/!va5 ğƓķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ
źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ǞźƷŷ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ ƚƩ ĬǤΏƦƩƚķǒĭƷƭͲ
bƚǣźƚǒƭ
ƭĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻΉ bƚƓΏĭƚƓŅƚƩƒźƓŭ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ͵
ǞźƷŷ ğ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ {ĻƩǝĻ ğƭ ğ ƌźğźƭƚƓ ŅƚƩ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Ў Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓ ǝźƚƌğƷźƚƓƭ͵ {ŷğƩĻ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķğƷğ ǞźƷŷ
9ƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ ƒĻƷ ƚƓ ƭĻǝĻƩğƌ ƚĭĭğƭźƚƓƭ ǞźƷŷ {/!va5 Ʒƚ
5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Ʒƚ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ğźƩ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķ ƓĻǞ ğźƩ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Џ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķ ŅǒƩƷŷĻƩ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻźƩ ğźƩ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩƭ͵
ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ͵
ƩǒĭƉ źķƌźƓŭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷƩǒĭƉ źķƌźƓŭ ŅƚǒƓķ ƚƩ ƩĻƦƚƩƷĻķ źƓ ğƩĻğƭ
ŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ t.!γƭ ğƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ / ğķƚƦƷĻķ ƷŷĻ
ǞźƷŷ ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ƩĻĭĻƦƷƚƩƭͲ ǞźƷŷ ğ ƦƩźƚƩźƷǤ ƦƌğĭĻķ ƚƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ͵
ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ źƓ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƌźƓƉĻķ Ʒƚ ƷƩǒĭƉ źķƌźƓŭ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻŭǒƓ Ʒƚ ƷğƉĻ ƦƌğĭĻ͵
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵А Ļƭ t.!Ήt5 ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƩĻƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ
ğĭĭƚǒƓƷğĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƩĻ ƚĭĭǒƩƩźƓŭ źƓ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓ ğƌƭƚ
ǞźƷŷ /ƚķĻ 9ƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ͵
LƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƷĻğƒ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƷĻğƒ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻͲ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ŭğƷŷĻƩźƓŭͲ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭͲ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƓŭ
ƒƚƓźƷƚƩͲ ğƓķ ƒğƉĻ ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ
ğƓķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ
ŷğǩğƩķ źƭƭǒĻƭͲ ǞźƷŷ ğ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ͵ tǒĬƌźƭŷ ƩĻƭǒƌƷƭ
ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ źƓ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ ŷźƭ ĻŅŅƚƩƷ Ǟğƭ ƒğķĻ ƦƚƭƭźĬƌĻ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊЉ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓķ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ğ ķĻķźĭğƷĻķ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ğǞğƩķ ƚŅ ğ {ƚ/ğƌ Dğƭ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ \[ƚŭğƓ ğƓķ \[ğĭǤ
vǒğƌźƷǤ ǞĻĬ ƦğŭĻ͵
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ğƓķ źƭ ğźƒĻķ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦğƓķ Ʒƚ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ
ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ĭƚǒƩƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǣƷ ЋΏЌ ǤĻğƩƭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓ͵ !ǒŭƒĻƓƷ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ǞźƷŷ {/!va5 ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ĭƚǒƓƷǤ 9W
ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ {ƷğƷĻͲ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƌ ƩƚƌĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤͲ
ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźǝĻƭ ŷğǝĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ŭƚğƌƭ Ʒƚ ŷƚƭƷ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓƭ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊЊ Ļƭ t.!Ήt! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒƚƓźƷƚƩͲ ğƓķ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ŷğǩğƩķƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ŷĻƩĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
5ğƷğ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ƦƌğƓƭ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ
t.! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ǞƚƩƉ ƷŷĻ Dw99b atb!Ͳ {/!va5 ğƓķ źƷƭ ƚǞƓ !źƩ
ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻ ǞğǤƭ Ʒƚ źƓźƷźğƷĻ ķğƷğ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ŅƚƩ ğ
vǒğƌźƷǤ aƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ źƓźƷźğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ŅźƩƭƷ ĻǝĻƩ ĬğƭĻƌźƓĻ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķΉƚƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ğźƩ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ƦƌğƓͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ
ķğƷğ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ğƓķ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊЋ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷŷĻ źķĻƓƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƓĻĻķĻķ ΛƓĻǞ ƚƩ ǒƦķğƷĻķΜͲ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ķğƷğ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ
ğƓķ ƓĻĻķĻķ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓŭğŭĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЎ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
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9ǣƦğƓķĻķ źƓƷĻƩğĭƷźƚƓƭ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦğƓķ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩ ğƷƷĻƓķğƓĭĻ ğƓķ
t.! ŷğƭ ĬĻŭǒƓ ğ ƷƩğƓƭźƷźƚƓğƌ ƒğƷƩźǣ ƚŅ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ bL9{ Ʒƚ b!
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ŭƩƚǒƦƭ Ʒƚ ŷƚƌķ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ
ƌĻğķĻƩƭ ğƓķ ƚǒƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ ŷĻ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚŅ Ʒŷźƭ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ źƭ Ʒƚ
ǞźƷŷ /źƷǤ ƭƷğŅŅ ğƓķ ķĻĭźƭźƚƓΏƒğƉĻƩƭ źƓ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ
ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ƭĻƌŅΏƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ǞŷźƌĻ ğƌƭƚ ĻƓƭǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻ ƚŅ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭͲ ƭƚ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ĭğƓ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ğƷƷĻƓķğƓĭĻ ğƷ Ļğĭŷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ b! ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ͵ ŷĻ ƚǝĻƩğƌƌ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷĻ ƷŷĻźƩ ǒƓźƨǒĻ źƭƭǒĻƭ ğƓķ ƓĻĻķƭͲ ğƭ ǞĻƌƌ ğƭ ƷŷĻźƩ ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķğƷźƚƓƭ ƚƓ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊЍ Ļƭ t.!Ή/ah hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭŷźŅƷ źƭ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƷğƉĻ ƦƌğĭĻ ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǣƷ ǤĻğƩ ğƓķ ğ ŷğƌŅ ğƓķ ĬĻŭğƓ
ŷƚǞ ĬĻƭƷ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƨǒğƌźƷǤͲ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ŷĻğƌƷŷͲ ğƓķ
ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ƦğƭƷ Ћ ǤĻğƩƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ŷƚƭƷźƓŭ ƚŅ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅƚƩǒƒƭ ŅƚƩ b!
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ͵ !ƩƩğƓŭĻ ŅƚƩ ƌğƓŭǒğŭĻ źƓƷĻƩƦƩĻƷğƷźƚƓ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ğƭ
ƌĻğķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻ ƷŷĻźƩ ƚǞƓ ğŭĻƓķğ ğƓķ ƩĻƨǒĻƭƷ ƭƦĻğƉĻƩƭ ğƷ Ļğĭŷ
ƓĻĻķĻķ ğƷ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ƭƚ ƷŷğƷ ğƌƌ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ĭğƓ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ͵
ƚŅ ƷŷĻźƩ b! ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ͵
9ǣƦğƓķĻķ ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ǣƦğƓķ ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ
wĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźǝĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ Ļğĭŷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ Ў 9W ĭƌǒƭƷĻƩƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ
ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ ĬǤ ĻǣƷĻƓķźƓŭ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƭǒĭŷ
ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ ƚƓ ĬƚğƩķƭͲ ĭƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊЎ Ļƭ t.!Ή/ah hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƩĻğƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻĭƚƒĻ ĬƚğƩķͲ ĭƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ƷğƭƉ ŅƚƩĭĻ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭ ğƭ ƚƦĻƓźƓŭƭ ƚĭĭǒƩ
ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ͵
ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ 5ĻƒğƓķ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ
9ǣƦƌƚƩĻķ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƚƷŷĻƩ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ͵
ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷͲ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ !ǒƷŷƚƩźƷǤͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ
ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ķĻƒğƓķ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊА bƚ t.!Ήt! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ŅƚƩ ƭƒğƌƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğƓķ ƓĻǞ ƒǒƌƷźŅğƒźƌǤ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ Ʒƚ ĻķǒĭğƷĻ
ğƓķ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝźǩĻ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩ ƷƩğƓƭźƷͲ ĭğƩƦƚƚƌͲ ğƓķ ğĭƷźǝĻ
ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƷƩğǝĻƌ ĭŷƚźĭĻƭ͵
{ǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ͵ {ǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƌƚĭğƌ ğƓķ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƭ ƷŷğƷ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƌƚĭğƌ ğƓķ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ
źƓĭƩĻğƭĻ ƒğƭƭ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ǒƭğŭĻ ğƓķ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ ƷƩźƦƭ͵
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊБ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƭ ƷŷğƷ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻ ƒğƭƭ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ǒƭğŭĻ ğƓķ ƩĻķǒĭĻ
ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ ƷƩźƦƭ͵
bğƷźǝĻ ƦƌğƓƷźƓŭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ źƓ ƦğƩƉƭͲ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻƭͲ ƭĭĻƓźĭ ƌźƓƉğŭĻƭͲ ğƓķ
{ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ tŷğƭĻ Ћ ƩĻƓƚǝğƷźƚƓƭ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƩĻƭƷƚƩĻķ ƷŷĻ ƌƚƭƷ ƩźƦğƩźğƓ
ŭƩĻĻƓǞğǤ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭƷƚƩĻ ƓğƷźǝĻ ǝĻŭĻƷğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻͲ
ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ Ǟğƭ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ͵ 9ŅŅƚƩƷƭ ğƩĻ ĬĻźƓŭ ƒğķĻ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ
ƓğƷźǝĻ ƦƌğƓƷźƓŭƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƌźƒźƷĻķ ǞğƷĻƩ ğƓķ ŅĻƩƷźƌźǩĻƩ͵ wĻƭƷƚƩğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ
ƷŷĻ tğƩƉ tƌğƓƓźƓŭ ğƓķ 5ĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƓğƷźǝĻ ƦƌğƓƷźƓŭ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ƓƚƷ ƌźƒźƷ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğƓķ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ğĭĭĻƭƭ
ǞğƷĻƩǞźƭĻ ƦƌğƓƷ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ǞźƷŷ ķƩƚǒŭŷƷ ƷƚƌĻƩğƓƷ ĭğƦğĬźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ
ƓğƷźǝĻ ǞŷĻƩĻ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ğƦƦƌźĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷǒğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ
ƚŅ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ tŷğƭĻ Ќ͵
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Њ bƚ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЊ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ŷğƭ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ aĻƷƩƚƦƚƌźƷğƓ ğƷĻƩ
5źƭƷƩźĭƷ ƚŅ {ƚǒƷŷĻƩƓ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ Ʒƚ ƚŅŅĻƩ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ
ƩĻĬğƷĻƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ǒƩŅ wĻƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ wĻĬğƷĻ tƩƚŭƩğƒ͵ ŷĻƭĻ
ƩĻĬğƷĻƭ ğƩĻ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƒƚǝźƓŭ ƷǒƩŅ ğƓķ źƓƭƷğƌƌźƓŭ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ
ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻ ǞğƷĻƩΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓƷ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ CƩźĻƓķƌǤν ğƓķ
ƓğƷźǝĻ ƦƌğƓƷƭ͵
{ğƓƷźğŭƚ /ƩĻĻƉ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ǞƚƩƉźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ
{ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ tŷğƭĻ Ќ źƭ ŅǒƌƌǤ ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ͵ {ƷğŅŅ ŷğǝĻ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ğƓ
/ƚǒƓƷǤ Cƌƚƚķ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷͲ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ
ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ƷğƷĻ /ƚğƭƷğƌ /ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƓĭǤ Ʒƚ ğƭƭźƭƷ ǞźƷŷ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Ћ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƨǒğƌźƷźĻƭ ƚŅ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ /ƩĻĻƉ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷ ŷğĬźƷğƷ ğƓķ ƩĻźƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻ ƓğƷźǝĻ ƦƌğƓƷƭ ğƓķ
ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ͵
ğƓźƒğƌƭ͵
/ŷğƓƓĻƌ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ͵ tğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ ƚŅ hƩğƓŭĻ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻ ĬĻƭƷ
hƓŭƚźƓŭ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ ĭƩĻĻƉ ĭƌĻğƓΏǒƦƭ ƚĭĭǒƩ źƓ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ /ƩĻĻƉ ğƷ
ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ źƓ ŭƩĻĻƓĬĻƌƷ ğƓķ ĭŷğƓƓĻƌ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ wźǝĻƩ ğƓķ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Ќ bƚ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
{ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ͵
{ğƓƷźğŭƚ /ƩĻĻƉ Ʒƚ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝĻ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ǝĻŭĻƷğƷźƚƓ͵
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ğƓķ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ źƓķźŭĻƓƚǒƭ t.! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ źƓķźŭĻƓƚǒƭ ƷƩźĬĻƭ ƚƓ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ƷƩźĬĻƭ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğƓķ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƭǒĬƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ /9v! ƚƩ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƦƌğƓ ƚƩ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Ѝ bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ğƓķ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ğƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷƭ͵
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЏ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ Ʒƚ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ŷĻğƌƷŷǤͲ ƭğŅĻ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ
\[ğƉĻ ƩĻƓƚǝğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƭ ğƩĻ ВЉі ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ğƓķ ğ ŭƩğƓƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓ
ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ͵
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Ў bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЊ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ͵ ŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƚƚ
hƷƷĻƩ ĻǣŷźĬźƷ Ǟğƭ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ źƓ 5ĻĭĻƒĬĻƩ
ЋЉЋЎ
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ŷĻ ĭƚķĻ ğķƚƦƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ЋЉЋЎ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ /ƚķĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ
ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ ƓƚƓƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ǝƚƌǒƓƷğƩǤ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ğƭ ƒğƓķğƷƚƩǤ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵Њ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ğƓķ ǝƚƌǒƓƷğƩǤ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻ ǞĻƩĻ ƓƚƷ ğķƚƦƷĻķ ĬǤ ƚǒƩ /źƷǤ͵
/źƷǤ͵
CǒƓķźƓŭ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ tğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭͲ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ŭƩĻĻƓ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ
ğƓķ ğķǝƚĭğĭǤ ŭƩƚǒƦƭ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻƉ ĭƩĻğƷźǝĻ ŅźƓğƓĭźƓŭ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƓĻǞğĬƌĻ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ğƌźŭƓĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ŭƚğƌƭ͵ LƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ
ƩĻƷƩƚŅźƷ ğƓķ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƭǒĬƭźķźǩĻķ ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƌƚǞΏźƓƷĻƩĻƭƷ
źƓƷĻƩĻƭƷ źƓ 9 źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ ĭƌĻğƓ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ Ǟğƭ
ƌƚğƓƭͲ ƚƓΏĬźƌƌ ƩĻƦğǤƒĻƓƷͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƦğǤ ŅƚƩ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ źƓƭƷğƌƌğƷźƚƓ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƌƚƓŭΏ
ƚĬƭĻƩǝĻķ͵
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵Ў bƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЌ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷĻƩƒ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷƭ ƚƓ źƓķźǝźķǒğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ Ʒğǣ Ĭźƌƌƭ͵ CƚƩ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ
źƓǝƚƌǝźƓŭ /źƷǤ ŅǒƓķƭͲ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ğƓķ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝźǩĻ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ
ĻƓĻƩŭǤΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ ŭƚğƌƭ͵
CǒƓķźƓŭ ƒĻĭŷğƓźƭƒ ĭƌĻğƩźƓŭŷƚǒƭĻ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ğ ĭƌĻğƩźƓŭŷƚǒƭĻ ƚŅ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƓŭ ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ
źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƓĻǞğĬƌĻ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ ƩğƷĻƭ
ƚƓƌźƓĻ ŅƚƩƒƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ĬǤ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷźƓŭ ƩĻğƌΏƷźƒĻ ƭǒƩǝĻǤƭ
ƚŅ ƩĻƷǒƩƓͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭ
ğƷ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭͲ ЊʹЊ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ
źƓƷĻƩĻƭƷĻķ źƓ ƦǒƩƭǒźƓŭ ƩĻƓĻǞğĬƌĻ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
ΏƭźƷĻ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵Џ t!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ЊЉЉ .ǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ͵ ŷĻƭĻ ķğƷğΏ
ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƭĻƩǝĻ Ʒƚ ƒğƉĻ ƩĻğƌΏƷźƒĻ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ ƭǒƩŅğĭĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ŭƚğƌƭ ğƓķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ͵
\[ƚĭğƌ ƭƚƌğƩ ƦŷƚƷƚǝƚƌƷğźĭƭ ΛtΜ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ ǞźƷŷ ŭƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷ
Ļ ŷğǝĻ ǞƚƩƉĻķ ǞźƷŷ {ƚƌğƩ!ttњ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭ ŅƚƩ
ĻƓƷźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ĭƚƒƦğƓźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ƩğƓŭĻ ƚŅ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƷƩƚŅźƷ
ƦŷƚƷƚǝƚƌƷğźĭ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭ ƷŷğƷ ķƚĻƭ ƓƚƷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƦƌğƓƭ ƚƩ ĻƓŭźƓĻĻƩźƓŭ Ʒƚ
ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ ƦŷƚƷƚǝƚƌƷğźĭ ƦğƓĻƌƭ͵ LƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ĭƚǒƌķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ ŅĻĻƭͲ
ĬĻ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦĻķźƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƭƚƌğƩ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ğƓķ ƩĻķǒĭĻ
ĻǣƦĻķźƷĻķ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭźƓŭͲ Ʒğǣ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ Ĭźƌƌƭ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵В bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ Ʒƚ ƚĬƷğźƓ ƭƚƌğƩ ƦƌğƓƭ͵ !ƌƭƚ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ŅĻĻƭ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ ĭğƦƦĻķ
ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ t
źƓ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ƷğƷĻ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ͵
ƦğƓĻƌƭ ğƓķ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ͵
ğƷĻƩ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ
ğƷĻƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ ķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒƚǒƭƌǤ ƦƩƚǝźķĻƭ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ĬƚƚƉƭͲ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƚƓ ƦƩƚƦĻƩ ǞğƷĻƩ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ǞğƷĻƩ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵
źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓğƌ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ğƓķ ŭźǝĻğǞğǤƭ ğƷ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ѝ͵Њ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ
hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻǝĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻķǒĭğƷĻ ƚƓ ƦƩƚƦĻƩ ǞğƷĻƩ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ ǞğƷĻƩ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ
ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵
ğƷĻƩ ƭƒğƩƷ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻƭ͵ tƩƚƒƚƷĻ ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ \[ğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ğƓķ tğƩƉǞğǤ
{ƷğŅŅ ĻƓƭǒƩĻƭ {ƒğƩƷ \[ğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ǞĻĬƦğŭĻ źƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒƚǒƭƌǤ ǒƦķğƷĻķ Ʒƚ
LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ DǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ğƓķ ƓĻǞ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ Ʒƚ
ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƒƚƭƷ ƩĻƌĻǝğƓƷ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ǞğƷĻƩǞźƭĻ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭͲ
źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ķƩƚǒŭŷƷΏƷƚƌĻƩğƓƷ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ķƩƚǒŭŷƷΏƷƚƌĻƩğƓƷ
ƩĻĬğƷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƚƌźĭǤ͵ 9ƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ğƓķ ĻķǒĭğƷĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ
ƩĻƷƩƚŅźƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ǒƩŅ wĻƒƚǝğƌ wĻĬğƷĻ tƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƓķ ĻķǒĭğƷĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ѝ͵Ћ bƚ t!Ήt.! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ǒƩŅ wĻƒƚǝğƌ wĻĬğƷĻ tƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƓķ
ğĬƚǒƷ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ {ƚ/ğƌ ğƷĻƩυƒğƩƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƓķ
źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ {ƚ/ğƌ ğƷĻƩ{ƒğƩƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƌğƓƷźƓŭ ƓğƷźǝĻ ƚƩ ķƩƚǒŭŷƷΏƷƚƌĻƩğƓƷ ǝĻŭĻƷğƷźƚƓ͵
ğƷĻƩ ƩĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭ͵ tǒƩƭǒĻ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƦŷğƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ
hƦĻƓ Ʒƚ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ƩĻĭǤĭƌĻķ ǞğƷĻƩ ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ͵
!Ɠğ wĻĭǤĭƌĻķ ğƷĻƩ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓͲ ǞźƷŷ ğƓ ĻƒƦŷğƭźƭ ƚƓ ƌƚĭğƌ ǞğƷĻƩ ƩĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭ
/ƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ѝ͵Ѝ bƚ t! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ǞğƷĻƩ ƩĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏА ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ {ƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ tƌğƓ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ ğƓ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ {ƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ tƌğƓ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ {ƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ tƌğƓ ĻǝĻƩǤ ƷŷƩĻĻ ǤĻğƩƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ ƚƓ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ
ŅƚĭǒƭźƓŭ źƷƭ ğĭƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ЋЉЌЉ ƚƓ ŅźǝĻ ĭƚƩĻ
ƷƩĻƓķƭͲ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻ ƷğƩŭĻƷĻķ źƓķǒƭƷƩǤ ĭƌǒƭƷĻƩƭͲ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƭƭǒĻƭͲ źƓŅƚƩƒ
ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ͵ ŷĻƭĻ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ğƩĻ ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƌĻǝĻƩğŭĻ ƷŷĻ
źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭͲ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ğķķƩĻƭƭźƓŭ ƓĻğƩΏ Ʒƚ ƒźķΏ
ĭźƷǤγƭ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷƭ ğƓķ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƉĻǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ĬǤ ŅƚĭǒƭźƓŭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƷĻƩƒ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƭƭǒĻƭͲ ğƓķ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƓĻǞ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ƭĻĭƷƚƩͲ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ
Њ͵Њ
Ņǒƌƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ƌźŅĻ ĭǤĭƌĻʹ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ŅźƩƒƭͲ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƓŭ ƓĻǞ
ĭƚƓƷĻǣƷ ƚŅ ƌƚƓŭΏƷĻƩƒ ŭƚğƌƭ͵
źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷͲ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦźƓŭ ƷğƌĻƓƷͲ ĻƓŷğƓĭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ǒƩĬğƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷͲ
ğƓķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌǤźƓŭ źƓŅƌǒĻƓĭĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ͵
Cźƭĭğƌ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƚŅ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ͵ 5ƚĭǒƒĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ğƓķ Ņźƭĭğƌ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ ğƓ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ {ƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ tƌğƓ
źƒƦğĭƷƭ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ƦƌğƓ ğƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷƭ źƓǝƚƌǝźƓŭ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ƚƩ
ŅƚĭǒƭźƓŭ źƷƭ ğĭƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ЋЉЌЉ ƚƓ ŅźǝĻ ĭƚƩĻ
źƓƷĻƓƭźƷǤ ƩĻǝźƭźƚƓƭ
ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ͵ ŷĻƭĻ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ğƩĻ ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƌĻǝĻƩğŭĻ ƷŷĻ
ĭźƷǤγƭ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷƭ ğƓķ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƉĻǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ĬǤ ŅƚĭǒƭźƓŭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЊ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
Њ͵Ћ
Ņǒƌƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ƌźŅĻ ĭǤĭƌĻʹ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ŅźƩƒƭͲ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƓŭ ƓĻǞ
źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷͲ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦźƓŭ ƷğƌĻƓƷͲ ĻƓŷğƓĭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ǒƩĬğƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷͲ
ğƓķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌǤźƓŭ źƓŅƌǒĻƓĭĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ͵
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƉĻǤ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƷŷĻ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ƩĻŅźƓĻķ źƷƭ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ ĬǤ
ƓĻĻķ ŅƚƩ ƓĻǞ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ğƓķ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ͵ ŷźƭ ķğƷğ Ǟźƌƌ
źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷźƓŭ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ķğƷğ ƭĻƷƭͲ ƷƩĻƓķ ğƓğƌǤƭźƭͲ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ĬĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ {ƷƩğƷĻŭǤ tƌğƓ ğƓķ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ Ʒƚ źƓŅƚƩƒ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ķĻĭźƭźƚƓΏƒğƉźƓŭ͵ YĻǤ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ ǞĻƩĻ
Њ͵Ќ
ğƌƭƚ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ĬźΏ
ƩĻǝźĻǞĻķ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ŭǒźķĻ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ͵
LƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ ƚŅ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ğƩĻğƭ͵ wĻǝźĻǞ ƷŷĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷĻķ ǒƭĻƭ źƓ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǩƚƓĻƭ ğƓķ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ƩĻŅźƓĻķ źƷƭ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ ĬǤ
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩ ƩĻƒƚǝźƓŭ ǒƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ķƚ ƓƚƷ ƓĻĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓ ğƓ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǩƚƓĻͳ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğƩĻğƭ
źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷźƓŭ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ķğƷğ ƭĻƷƭͲ ƷƩĻƓķ ğƓğƌǤƭźƭͲ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ǞŷĻƩĻ ƓĻǞ ǞğƩĻŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ Ǟƚǒƌķ ƓƚƷ ĬĻ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ķĻƭźƩĻ Ʒƚ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ Ʒƚ źƓŅƚƩƒ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ķĻĭźƭźƚƓΏƒğƉźƓŭ͵ YĻǤ źƓķźĭğƷƚƩƭ ǞĻƩĻ
Њ͵Ѝ
ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩźƓŭ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ŷğǝĻ ŷźŭŷĻƩ ĻƒƦƌƚǤƒĻƓƷ ƦĻƩ
ƩĻǝźĻǞĻķ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ŭǒźķĻ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğĭƩĻ ƷŷğƓ ǞğƩĻŷƚǒƭźƓŭ͵
ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ͵
.ƩƚƉĻƩ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƓķ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ƩĻğƌ
ŷĻ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ 5źǝźƭźƚƓ ƒğźƓƷğźƓĻķ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ
ĻƭƷğƷĻ ĬƩƚƉĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ķźƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩźƓŭ ğ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƓķ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ĬƩƚƉĻƩƭ źƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭŷğƩźƓŭ ǒƦķğƷĻķ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓͳ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĭŷğƌƌĻƓŭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ķźƭĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƌƚĭğƷźƓŭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤͳ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЊ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒğƩƉĻƷ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƓŭ ĻƒĻƩŭźƓŭ ƷƩĻƓķƭ͵ CĻĻķĬğĭƉ ŅƩƚƒ
Њ͵Ў
źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğ ƦƌğƓ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƭǒĭŷ ĭŷğƌƌĻƓŭĻƭ͵
ĬƩƚƉĻƩƭ ŷĻƌƦĻķ źƓŅƚƩƒ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ğƓķ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
ĬğƩƩźĻƩƭ Ʒƚ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ͵
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷğƩŭĻƷƭ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ğƓķ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩƌǤ ǒƦķğƷĻ ğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƩĻŅźƓźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ĬǤ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷğƩŭĻƷ ƌźƭƷ ƷŷğƷ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ğƩĻ ƒƚƭƷ ƌźƉĻƌǤ Ʒƚ
ŅƚĭǒƭźƓŭ ƚƓ ƭĻĭƷƚƩƭ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƆƚĬƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƷƩźĬǒƷĻ Ʒƚ ƌƚƓŭΏ
ĬĻ źƓƷĻƩĻƭƷĻķ źƓ ğ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓͲ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƒƚƭƷ ƌźƉĻƌǤ Ʒƚ
ƷĻƩƒ Ņźƭĭğƌ ŷĻğƌƷŷ͵ .ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƷƩğĭƉźƓŭ ğƓķ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ
ĻƒƦƌƚǤ ĭźƷǤ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ĬƩƚğķĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒǤͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ƭƷğĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ƌƚǞ ǒƓĻƒƦƌƚǤƒĻƓƷ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ĻǣƦĻĭƷĻķ Ʒƚ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻ ŷźŭŷĻƩ ƓĻƷ ƩĻǝĻƓǒĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚƩ Ʒƚ
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ƩğƷĻƭ͵ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƭƷğŅŅ ǝźƭźƷĻķ ğƌƌ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƚƦ ЊЉЉ
ĭƩĻğƷĻ ƭŷğƩĻķ ƩĻǝĻƓǒĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭͳ ƷğƩŭĻƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƚƓ
ƩĻǝĻƓǒĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ķǒƩźƓŭ Ʒŷźƭ ƦĻƩźƚķ͵
ƷŷĻƭĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ͵
\[źǝźƓŭ ǞğŭĻ ƆƚĬƭ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ğƓķ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩƌǤ ǒƦķğƷĻ ğ ƌźǝźƓŭ ǞğŭĻ ĭğƌĭǒƌğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ {ğƓƷğ
ŷĻ hwY /ĻƓƷĻƩ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ǞğŭĻ ğƓķ ǞƚƩƉŅƚƩĭĻ ķğƷğ
!Ɠğͳ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻ ğƓķ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩƌǤ ǒƦķğƷĻ ğ ƌźƭƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ źƓ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƷŷĻ
źƓ ЋЉЋЎ Ʒƚ ĬĻƷƷĻƩ ğƌźŭƓ ĻƒƦƌƚǤƒĻƓƷ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ŷźŭŷĻƩΏ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğǝĻƩğŭĻ ǞğŭĻ źƭ ğĬƚǝĻ ğ ƌźǝźƓŭ ǞğŭĻ ŅƚƩ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğͳ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ Ʒŷźƭ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ źƓƷƚ
Њ͵А
ƦğǤźƓŭ ƆƚĬƭ͵ ŷźƭ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ŷĻƌƦĻķ źƓŅƚƩƒ ǞƚƩƉŅƚƩĭĻ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ğƓķ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻƩ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏБ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b 9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
ƚƩƉŅƚƩĭĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ŅƚƩ /źƷǤ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ ğƓ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓğƌ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ǞƚƩƉŅƚƩĭĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ
ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭͲ ƷƩğźƓźƓŭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭͲ ğƓķ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ ǞźƷŷ
ğƓķ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ ĭƚƌƌğƷĻƩğƌƷƚ źƓŅƚƩƒ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğĬƚǒƷ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƷƩğźƓźƓŭͲ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ
ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ źƓƭƷźƷǒƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ͵ ŷĻƭĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ ĻƒƦƌƚǤƒĻƓƷ ƭƉźƌƌƭ ğƓķ ǞƚƩƉŅƚƩĭĻ ƦƩĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓͳ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ ε ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷ ƭƉźƌƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ źƒƦƩƚǝĻķ ğĭĭĻƭƭ
Њ͵Б
ƓźŅźĻķ {ĭŷƚƚƌ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷͲ ƷŷĻ ĭŷğƒĬĻƩƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭĻͲ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ
Ʒƚ ĻƒƦƌƚǤƒĻƓƷ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵
ƒğƉĻ Ʒŷźƭ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ǞźķĻƌǤ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
wĻƷğźƌ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓ ğƓƓǒğƌ ƩĻƷğźƌ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ķĻƒğƓķ ğƓğƌǤƭźƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƷǤƦĻƭ
5ǒƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƩĻǝźĻǞźƓŭ ƩĻƷğźƌ ƭğƌĻƭ ķğƷğ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
ƚŅ ƭƷƚƩĻƭ ŅƚƩ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ ƌĻğƉƭ ƩĻƷğźƌ ƭƦĻƓķźƓŭͳ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ
ƭƦĻƓķźƓŭ ƌĻğƉğŭĻ ğƓķ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ ŷźƭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭͳ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ğ Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓğƌǤƭźƭ źƓŅƚƩƒĻķ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ Ʒƚ ƩĻƷğźƌĻƩƭ ğƓķ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķ ƷğƩŭĻƷĻķ
Њ͵В
ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ͵
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƩĻĭƩǒźƷƒĻƓƷ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ͵
/ƩĻğƷźǝĻ ĭƌğƭƭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ Ʒƚ ĭĻƌĻĬƩğƷĻ ğƩƷƭ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ
{ƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĻǣƦƌƚƩźƓŭ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ğƩƷƭΏ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻΏ
Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƉƭ ƚŅ ƌƚĭğƌ ğƩƷźƭƷƭͳ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ĭƚƌƌğƷĻƩğƌ ŅƚƩ ğƩƷźƭƷƭ ğƓķ
ĬğƭĻķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ͵ 9ŅŅƚƩƷƭ źƓ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƩĻğƷźǝĻ ĭƌğƭƭ
ĭƩĻğƷźǝĻ źƓķǒƭƷƩźĻƭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ͵
źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ƷĻĭŷƓźĭğƌ ğƓķ ğķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźǝĻ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ŅƚƩ ƒǒƩğƌ
ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ŭğƌƌĻƩǤ ƚƦĻƓźƓŭƭͲ ğƓķ ĻƓŭğŭźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Њ͵ЊЉ
ƌĻğķźƓŭ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ Ǟŷƚ ƭƚǒŭŷƷ ƭƷğŅŅ źƓƦǒƷ ƚƓ ǒƭĻ
ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭͲ ƩĻƭǒƌƷźƓŭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷƭ ƷŷğƷ źƓƷĻŭƩğƷĻ
ğƩƷźƭƷ ƌźǝĻΉǞƚƩƉ ğƭƭĻƷƭ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻźƩ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƦƚƩƷŅƚƌźƚƭ͵
9ƒƦƌƚǤ ƌƚĭğƌ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƌƚĭğƌ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ ƌźƉĻ ǞƚƩƉĻƩ ĭƚƚƦĻƩğƷźǝĻƭ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ƌƚĭğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ
ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğ ƦğĭƉğŭĻ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ƌźƉĻ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƌźĭĻƓƭĻ ŅĻĻƭ Ʒƚ
ƒƚƓźƷƚƩĻķ ƦƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤΏĬğƭĻķ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ ŷĻƭĻ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЊ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ŷźƩĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ͵
Њ͵ЊЊ
ğƌźŭƓĻķ ǞźƷŷ ĬƩƚğķĻƩ ŭƚğƌƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ŷźƩźƓŭ ğƓķ źƓĭƌǒƭźǝĻ
ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ŭƩƚǞƷŷ͵
ƚǒƩźƭƒ ğĭƷźƚƓ͵ !ƭƭźƭƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ ğƓķ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭΏƦƩźǝğƷĻ
ŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƚǒƩźƭƒ ğƓķ ağƩƉĻƷźƓŭ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Λa5Μ Ǟğƭ ƩĻƓĻǞĻķ
ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƓĻǞ ƦĻƩƒğƓĻƓƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ
ŅƚƩ ЊЉ ǤĻğƩƭ͵ ŷĻ a5 ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ źƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƷƚǒƩźƭƒ ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЊ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ ǝźƭźƷğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ŷƚƷĻƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ͵ ağƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ
Њ͵ЊЋ
ğ ķĻƭƷźƓğƷźƚƓ͵
tƩƚƒƚƷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ ağźƓƷğźƓ ǒƦķğƷĻķ źƓǝĻƓƷƚƩǤ ƚŅ ĭźƷǤǞźķĻ
ŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ƒğźƓƷğźƓĻķ ğƓķ ǒƦķğƷĻķ źƷƭ źƓǝĻƓƷƚƩǤ ƚŅ
ǝğĭğƓƷ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ƌźƉĻ ƷŷĻ
ǝğĭğƓƷ ğƓķ ǒƓķĻƩǒƷźƌźǩĻķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻƭĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
hƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ ƚƓĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĬƩƚƉĻƩ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ źƓƷƚ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭźƷĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵ {ĻǝĻƩğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ğķǝğƓĭĻķ ƷƚǞğƩķ ƩĻǒƭĻ
Њ͵ЊЌ
ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƓķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ĬĻƓĻŅźĭźğƌ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƭğƌĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ Ʒğǣ ĬğƭĻ ƚŅ
ƚƩ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ /źƷǤ ŭƚğƌƭ͵
ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ͵
CƚƭƷĻƩ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ CźƓğƓĭźƓŭ !ƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ͵
ƷźƌźǩĻ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ŅźƓğƓĭźƓŭ Ʒƚƚƌƭ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ŅźƓğƓĭźƓŭ Ʒƚƚƌƭ
ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ŅźƓğƓĭźƓŭ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭͲ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƩĻǝźƷğƌźǩğƷźƚƓ
ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ {/Lt Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ
źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ ğǒƷŷƚƩźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ {ƷğƷĻǞźķĻ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ LƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ tƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ
źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ͵ {ƷğŅŅ ŷğƭ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻķ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ŅźƓğƓĭźƓŭ Ʒƚƚƌƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƷŷĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅźƓğƓĭĻ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤΏ
Њ͵ЊЍ
9ƓŷğƓĭĻķ LƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ CźƓğƓĭźƓŭ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Λ9LC5Μ ğƓķ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
ǞźķĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ͵
wĻǝźƷğƌźǩğƷźƚƓ LƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ !ĭƷ Ʒƚ ğźķ ƩĻźƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏВ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b 9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ͵ tğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ ƭƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ƓğƷźƚƓğƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ 5źǝźƭźƚƓ ğƷƷĻƓķĻķ ƷŷĻ
ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ͵ !ƷƷĻƓķ ƷƩğķĻ ƭŷƚǞƭ ğƓķ ƒğƩƉĻƷ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ Ʒƚ ŷźŭŷΏŭƩƚǞƷŷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
ƌĻğķźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ğƓķ Ǟğƭ ƩĻĭƚŭƓźǩĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ
ĭƌǒƭƷĻƩƭ ŅƚƩ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤͲ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ {ƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ
/ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ !ƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ \[ƚĭğƌ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ Λ/!\[95Μ ŅƚƩ
tƌğƓ͵
ƚǒƷƭƷğƓķźƓŭ ǞƚƩƉ źƓ ƷŷĻ ŅźĻƌķ͵ {ƷğŅŅ ğƌƭƚ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ źƓ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
hƓŭƚźƓŭ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒĻĻƷΏğƓķΏŭƩĻĻƷ ĻǝĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ źƓǝĻƭƷĻķ źƓ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƦƩƚŅĻƭƭźƚƓğƌ
Ћ͵Њ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓźƓŭ ƷĻĭŷƓźĭğƌ ĻǣƦĻƩƷźƭĻͲ ĻǣƦğƓķźƓŭ
źƓƓƚǝğƷĻͲ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩͲ ğƓķ ğƷƷƩğĭƷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğƌźŭƓĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ
ƷğƩŭĻƷ ƭĻĭƷƚƩƭ͵
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ LƓĭǒĬğƷƚƩ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷźƓŭ ğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
5ǒƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƓŭ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƒƚķĻƌƭ ğƓķ
źƓĭǒĬğƷƚƩΉĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷƚƩ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ ŅƚƩ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭǒĬğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩğƷźƚƓ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ћ͵Ћ
ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ŅƚĭǒƭĻķ ƚƓ źķĻƓƷźŅǤźƓŭ ƭĭğƌğĬƌĻ ğƓķ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻ
ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷĻƭ͵
DƩĻĻƓ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƩĻĭƩǒźƷƒĻƓƷ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğ ƭƷǒķǤ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ŭƩĻĻƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƌĻǝĻƩğŭźƓŭ {ƷğƷĻ wa5 źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ğƷƷƩğĭƷ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ĬĻƭƷ ƭǒźƷĻķ Ʒƚ ğ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓͳ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻƭĻ
ğƓķ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ŭƩĻĻƓ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ͵ hǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƷğƩŭĻƷĻķ ŅźƩƒƭ ƭĻĻƉźƓŭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ͵
Ћ͵Ќ
ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭΏƩĻƌğƷĻķ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ͵
IźƭƷƚƩźĭ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƓķ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ƷŷğƷ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƭƒğƌƌ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ Ʒğǣ ƩĻƌźĻŅ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ğƭƭĻƷƭ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźĭźğƌ Ʒƚ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğƓķ ƷŷĻźƩ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻƭͳ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЊ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǞźƷŷ ƌźĭĻƓƭźƓŭ ğƓķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭ ŷĻƌƦĻķ
Ќ͵Њ
ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ ğƭƭĻƷƭ͵
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƩĻƒğźƓ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓƷ ğƓķ ĻƌźŭźĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ͵
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƒĬǒķƭƒğƓ͵ tǒƩƭǒĻ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğƓķ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğƓ ƚƒĬǒķƭƒğƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ǞƚƩƉĻķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźǝĻƌǤ ǞźƷŷ t.! ğƓķ ƷŷĻ CźƩĻ
ƦƚƭźƷźƚƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ 9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ 5źǝźƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ ğƭƭźƭƷ ƓĻǞ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ źƓ
!ǒƷŷƚƩźƷǤ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ th5 tƩƚŭƩğƒͲ ğ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ
ƓğǝźŭğƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ğƓķ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭ͵
ĻƓŭźƓĻĻƩĻķ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤͲ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ğƓķ ĻǣƦĻķźƷĻ ƌźĭĻƓƭźƓŭͲ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
Ќ͵Ћ
ğƓķ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌƭ ƚŅ ƭŷĻƌŅΏƩĻğķǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƭƷğŅŅ ƚƦĻƓĻķ ğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ ƚŅŅźĭĻ Ʒƚ
ğƭƭźƭƷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ͵
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ğƓķ ƩĻƷĻƓƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓĻķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƩĻƷĻƓƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźƚƓ
ğƓķ ƩĻƷĻƓƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ͵ ağźƓƷğźƓ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ /ŷğƒĬĻƩ ƚŅ
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƭƷƩƚƓŭ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ ǞźƷŷ ĭŷğƒĬĻƩƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭĻ ğƓķ
/ƚƒƒĻƩĭĻ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƓƚƓƦƩƚŅźƷ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻğĭŷ ƚǒƷ Ʒƚ ƓğƷźƚƓğƌ
ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķ ĬǤ ğ ƩƚĬǒƭƷ
ƩĻƷğźƌĻƩƭ ğƓķ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻƩƭ͵
ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤ͵ YĻǤ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ƷŷĻ ŷźƩźƓŭ ƚŅ ƷŷƩĻĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ќ͵Ќ
ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚŅĻƭƭźƚƓğƌƭͲ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ
ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭͲ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ƌĻǝĻƩğŭźƓŭͲ
ğƓķ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ /źƷǤ Iğƌƌ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ
ğƓķ ƩĻƭƦƚƓƭźǝĻƓĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƓĻĻķƭ͵
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƩĻƌƚĭğƷźƚƓ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ğƓķ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ƷŷĻ wĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭ
5ǒƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ğƭƭźƭƷźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ źƒƦğĭƷĻķ ĬǤ
ağƩƉĻƷ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƓĻ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ğƭƭźƭƷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ǞğƓƷ Ʒƚ
ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƩ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻƌƚĭğƷźƚƓ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ͵
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ƩĻƌƚĭğƷĻ ŅƩƚƒ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓğƌƌǤ ƚĬƭƚƌĻƷĻ ƭƷƩźƦ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƓĻǞ ķźƭƷźƓĭƷźǝĻ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
/ƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ ğĭƩƚƭƭ ķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷƭ ŷĻƌƦĻķ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ
Ќ͵Ѝ
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭ͵
ƩĻźƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ źƓ ǒƓķĻƩǒƷźƌźǩĻķ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƩĻğƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊЉ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
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DƩĻĻƓ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ğƓķ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ƷŷĻ wĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭ ağƩƉĻƷ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ŭƩĻĻƓ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ
5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƓĻ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ƓƚƓƦƚƌƌǒƷźƓŭ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷźƓŭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ğƌźŭƓĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ŭƚğƌƭ͵ LƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ
źƓķǒƭƷƩǤ ğƓķ ĭƌĻğƓ ŭƩĻĻƓ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ ĭƚƒƦğƓźĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ źƒƦğĭƷƭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
źƓƷĻƩĻƭƷ źƓ 9 źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ ĭƌĻğƓ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ Ǟğƭ
Ļƭ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ĭğƩĬƚƓ ŅƚƚƷƦƩźƓƷ Ʒƚ ƌƚĭğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵ 9ƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ
Ќ͵Ў
ƚĬƭĻƩǝĻķ͵
źƓǝĻƭƷ źƓ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ ğƓķ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ Ʒƚ ƷƩğƓƭźƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵
/ǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ƭǒƩǝĻǤ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ğ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ƭǒƩǝĻǤ Ʒƚ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƓŭ ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ
ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ğƓķ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ğƓķ ƌźĭĻƓƭźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻķǒƩĻƭ͵
ƚƓƌźƓĻ ŅƚƩƒƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ĬǤ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷźƓŭ ƩĻğƌΏƷźƒĻ ƭǒƩǝĻǤƭ
ƩğźƓ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ĭƚǒƓƷĻƩ ƭƷğŅŅ ƚƓ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ ŅƚƩ
ğƷ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭͲ ЊʹЊ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ
ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ͵
ΏƭźƷĻ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5!Ήt.! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ĭƚƓƓΏ
Ќ͵Џ
ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƭĻƩǝĻ Ʒƚ ƒğƉĻ ƩĻğƌΏƷźƒĻ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ ƭǒƩŅğĭĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ŭƚğƌƭ ğƓķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ͵
{ƚŅƷǞğƩĻ ǒƦŭƩğķĻ͵
ƦŭƩğķĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭźƓŭ ƭƚŅƷǞğƩĻ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩĻğƒƌźƓĻ ƩĻǝźĻǞͲ ğƌƌƚǞ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ǒƦķğƷĻķ źƷƭ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭ ƭƚŅƷǞğƩĻ Ʒƚ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ5ƚǣ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ źƷƭ
ƷŷĻ ƭǒĬƒźƭƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƓźĭ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭͲ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ĭƚƭƷƭͲ ğƓķ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭźƓŭ
ĻŅŅƚƩƷ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩĻğƒƌźƓĻ ƷŷĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ğƓķ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ŅƚƩ ƓĻǞ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƷźƒĻ͵
Ќ͵А
ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓͲ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĭźƷǤΏƩĻƌğƷĻķ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
tƩƚƒƚƷĻ ŭğƷŷĻƩźƓŭ ƭƦğĭĻƭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƷŷĻ ƩƚƌĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ !ƩƷƭ ğƓķ /ǒƌƷǒƩĻ 5źǝźƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
t.!γƭ bL9{ ƷĻğƒ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷƭ b!ƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Ʒƚ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ğƩƷƭͲ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻͲ ğƓķ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ !ƩƷƭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ŅǒƓķĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ͵ β/ƩĻğƷĻķ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƒğƦ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ĭƩĻğƷźǝĻ ŭğƷŷĻƩźƓŭ ƭƦğĭĻƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦĻƩźĻƓĭĻƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
ƚŅ ğƌƌ ĭźƷǤΏĭƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓĻķ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷʹ ŷƷƷƦƭʹΉΉǞǞǞ͵ƭğƓƷğΏ
ğƓğ͵ƚƩŭΉƦǒĬƌźĭΏğƩƷΏƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭЋΉ
β/ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƩğǝĻƌ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦźƌĻ ğƓķ ƦǒĬƌźƭŷ ğƓ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
bƚ /5!Ήt.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ ĭğƷğƌƚŭʹ ŷƷƷƦƭʹΉΉǞǞǞ͵ƷƩğǝĻƌƭğƓƷğğƓğ͵ĭƚƒΉƷŷźƓŭƭΏ
Ќ͵Б
ƷƚΏķƚΉƦǒĬƌźĭΏğƩƷΉͪƭƉźƦўВЏεĬƚǒƓķƭўŅğƌƭĻεǝźĻǞўŭƩźķεƭƚƩƷўƷźƷƌĻ
β/ƩĻğƷĻķ ğƓ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƭĻƌŅΏŭǒźķĻķ ƷƚǒƩƭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ źƓ
{ğƓƷğ !ƓğͲ ĭǒƩğƷĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤʹ ŷƷƷƦƭʹΉΉǞǞǞ͵ƭğƓƷğΏ
ğƓğ͵ƚƩŭΉƦǒĬƌźĭΏğƩƷΏƭĻƌŅΏŭǒźķĻķΏƷƚǒƩƭΏźƓΏƭğƓƷğΏğƓğΉ
ağƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤ͵ tǒƩƭǒĻ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ğ ĬƩğƓķźƓŭ ğƓķ
5ǒƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ƭǒĭĭĻƭƭŅǒƌƌǤ ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ ğƓķ ŅǒƌƌǤ ĻǣĻĭǒƷĻķ ğ
ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤ ğƓķ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ğƓķ ƒğǣźƒźǩĻ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤͲ ƌĻǝĻƩğŭźƓŭ ƓĻǞ ğƓķ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ
ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻͲ ğƓķ ǒƩĬğƓ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ƦƌğĭĻƒğƉźƓŭ ĻƌĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƒĻƭƭğŭźƓŭ͵ ŷĻƭĻ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻķ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ
Ќ͵В
ƩĻƭǒƌƷĻķ źƓ ğ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷƌǤ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ƦƩĻƭĻƓĭĻ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤͲ ğĭƩƚƭƭ /źƷǤ ķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷƭͲ ğƓķ ğƒƚƓŭ ƉĻǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭ ğƓķ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓƷźƷźĻƭ͵
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ \[źĭĻƓƭĻ͵ /ƚƓƭźķĻƩ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ Ʒğǣ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƭƒğƌƌ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƩĻǝźĻǞźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƌźĭĻƓƭĻ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ ğƓķ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ ğƓķ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǝƚƷĻƩ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌ ğƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ
bƚ /5!ΉCźƓğƓĭĻ hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻźƩ źƒƦğĭƷ ƚƓ ƭƒğƌƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ
Ќ͵ЊЉ
CźƓğƓĭĻ ğƭ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ͵
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷƩğźƓźƓŭ͵ 9ğĭŷ ǤĻğƩͲ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ĬǒķŭĻƷ ŅǒƓķƭ ŅƚƩ ğƷ ƌĻğƭƷ ƚƓĻ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ƭƷğŅŅ ğƓķ ĻƌĻĭƷĻķ ƚŅŅźĭźğƌƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƓŭ źƓ
ƭƷğŅŅ ƒĻƒĬĻƩ ğƓķ ƚƓĻ ĻƌĻĭƷĻķ ƚƩ ğƦƦƚźƓƷĻķ ƚŅŅźĭźğƌ Ʒƚ ğƷƷĻƓķ ğƓ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷƩğźƓźƓŭƭ ğƓķ ǞĻĬźƓğƩƭ Ʒƚ ƭƷğǤ źƓŅƚƩƒĻķ ƚƓ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷƩğźƓźƓŭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ !ƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ \[ƚĭğƌ
Ѝ͵Њ
ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƩ ğ ƭźƒźƌğƩ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊЊ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
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.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ĬƩĻğƉŅğƭƷ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦ ǞźƷŷ ğ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ 95 ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ ƚǝĻƩ ЋЉЉ ķźƩĻĭƷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ǝźƭźƷƭͲ
ƭĻĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ĻĭƚƓƚƒǤ ƚƩ ğ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ ŭĻƚŭƩğƦŷźĭ ğƩĻğ Ļğĭŷ ƒƚƓƷŷ źƓ ƚƩķĻƩ ŅƚƩ
ŷƚƭƷĻķ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭ ƩĻğĭŷźƓŭ ŷǒƓķƩĻķƭ ƚŅ
ĻƌĻĭƷĻķ ƚŅŅźĭźğƌƭ ğƓķ ƭĻƓźƚƩ ƭƷğŅŅ Ʒƚ ƉĻĻƦ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğƦƦƩźƭĻķ ƚŅ ǞŷğƷ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ źƭ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ źƓ ƒƚƩĻ ƷŷğƓ ЋЉ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉźƓŭ
9ĭƚƓƚƒźĭ tƩƚƭƦĻƩźƷǤ
ķƚźƓŭ ŅƚƩ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ Ʒƚ ŷĻğƩ ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ ŅƩƚƒ ƌƚĭğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğĬƚǒƷ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻǝĻƓƷƭ ğĭƩƚƭƭ ĬƩĻğƉŅğƭƷͲ ƌǒƓĭŷͲ ğŅƷĻƩΏŷƚǒƩƭͲ ğƓķ ǞĻĻƉĻƓķ ŅƚƩƒğƷƭ͵
Ѝ͵Ћ
ƷŷĻ ğķǝğƓƷğŭĻƭ ğƓķ ĭŷğƌƌĻƓŭĻƭ ƚŅ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƓŭ ğ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵
ŷĻƭĻ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓĻķ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓƭŷźƦƭ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ
źƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƩĻƷĻƓƷźƚƓͲ
ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ŭƩƚǞƷŷ ĭźƷǤǞźķĻ͵
IźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ƭǒƩǝĻǤ͵ {ǒƩǝĻǤ ğƌƌ /źƷǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
! ķƩğŅƷ ƦƚƌźĭǤ ğķķƩĻƭƭźƓŭ ğƩƷ źƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƭ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ
ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓͲ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ƩĻƦğźƩ ƓĻĻķƭͲ ğƓķ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ƚŅ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƚƩ ǒƦŭƩğķĻƭ͵
ğƓķ ƩĻǝźĻǞĻķ ĬǤ t!Ͳ tw/{! ğƓķ ƷŷĻ tğƩƉƭͲ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ͵ ŷĻƩĻ ğƩĻ ƦƌğƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƌźĭǤ Ʒƚ ŭƚ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bƚ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Џ
ĬĻŅƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ !ƩƷƭ ğƓķ /ǒƌƷǒƩĻ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ źƓ {ƦƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЏ ŅƚƩ ƩĻǝźĻǞ
ğƓķ ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ /ƚǒƓĭźƌ źƓ ЋЉЋЏ͵
hƩğƌ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ͵ {ĻĻƉ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƩĻźƓƭƷğƷĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ƚƩğƌ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ĭğƦƷǒƩĻ {ğƓƷğ
!ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƒǒƩğƌ ƩĻƭƷƚƩğƷźƚƓΉĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƒğķĻ
ĬǤ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌĻ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭͲ ğ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩ Ǟğƭ ƭĻĭǒƩĻķ ğƓķ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
źƓƷĻƩǝźĻǞƭ ǞźƷŷ ğƩƷźƭƷƭ ƷŷğƷ ǞĻƩĻ ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ źƓǝƚƌǝĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bƚ tw/{! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒǒƩğƌƭ źƓ ƦğƩƉƭ͵ ŷĻ ƓĻǣƷ ƦŷğƭĻ źƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ źƷ źƓƷƚ ğƓ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵А
źƓƷĻƩğĭƷźǝĻ ĻǣŷźĬźƷ ǞŷĻƩĻ ǝźƭźƷƚƩƭ ĭğƓ ƭĭğƓ ğ vw /ƚķĻ ğƓķ ŷĻğƩ
ŅźƩƭƷŷğƓķ ĻǣƦĻƩźĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƉ͵
{źŭƓğŭĻ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ͵ {ĻĻƉ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğƓķ ĭƩĻğƷĻ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ŅƚƩ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ƩĻķĻƭźŭƓĻķͲ ƚƦƷźƒźǩĻķͲ ğƓķ źƓƭƷğƌƌĻķ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ
{ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ŅğIJğķĻ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
ǞğǤŅźƓķźƓŭ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ Ʒƚ ĬĻƷƷĻƩ ŭǒźķĻ ǝźƭźƷƚƩƭ Ʒƚ {ğƓƷğ IźƭƷƚƩźĭ
5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ͵ /ƚƓĭǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ĬĻŭğƓ ƒƚķĻƩƓźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ЋƓķ {ƷƩĻĻƷ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵Б
5źƩĻĭƷƚƩǤ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ǝğƌǒĻΏğķķĻķ ĭƚƓƷĻƓƷ ğƓķ źƒƦƩƚǝĻķ
ŭǒźķğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ğƩƷźƭƷźĭͲ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌͲ ğƓķ ĻƓƷĻƩƷğźƓƒĻƓƷ ķĻƭƷźƓğƷźƚƓƭ͵
!ķğƦƷźǝĻ ƩĻǒƭĻ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ !ķğƦƷźǝĻ wĻǒƭĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƒƚƩĻ ŅƌĻǣźĬźƌźƷǤ
!ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ ǒƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ źƭ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓķ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƩĻǒƭĻ ƚŅ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭƭ ĭźƷǤǞźķĻ͵
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵В
ǒƦķğƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ !ķğƦƷźǝĻ wĻǒƭĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ͵
aǒƓźĭźƦğƌ ĭƚķĻ ǒƦķğƷĻ͵
ƦķğƷĻ /ŷğƦƷĻƩ ЌЉ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌ ĭƚķĻ ΛtƌğĭĻƭ ƚŅ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ źƓźƷźğƷĻķ ǒƦķğƷĻƭ Ʒƚ /ŷğƦƷĻƩ ЌЉ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ ğƓķ !ƩĭŷźƷĻĭƷǒƩğƌ {źŭƓźŅźĭğƓĭĻΜ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓĭǤ ǞźƷŷ ƓğƷźƚƓğƌ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
ĭƚķĻ͵
bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğƓķ źƓķǒƭƷƩǤ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƭǒĭŷ ƷƚƦźĭƭ ğƭ ķĻƒƚƌźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Њ͵ЊЊ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ ĭğƷğƌƚŭ͵ /ƩĻğƷĻ ğ ĭźƷǤǞźķĻ ĭğƷğƌƚŭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƒǒƩğƌƭͲ
tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ĭƩĻğƷźƓŭ ğƓ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƒğƦ ƚŅ ğƌƌ ĭźƷǤΏĭƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓĻķ
ƭĭǒƌƦƷǒƩĻƭͲ ğƓķ ǒƷźƌźƷǤ Ĭƚǣ ğƩƷ ŅƚƩ ǒƭĻ źƓ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ Ʃźĭŷ
ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ͵ LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƩğǝĻƌ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵
bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЊ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦźƌĻ ğƓķ ƦǒĬƌźƭŷ ğƓ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ ĭğƷğƌƚŭ ğƓķ ĭƩĻğƷĻķ ğƓ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Ў
ƚƓƌźƓĻ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƭĻƌŅΏŭǒźķĻķ ƷƚǒƩƭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !ƓğͲ
ĭǒƩğƷĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
!ĭƷźǝĻ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ͵ tğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ ğƓķ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƚŅ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĭźǝźĭ ğƓķ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƓŭ źƓ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓΏƩĻƌğƷĻķ
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ŭƩƚǒƦƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ƷŷĻ ğƦƦƩĻĭźğƷźƚƓͲ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ
bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻͲ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵Џ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ͵
bğƷźǝĻ !ƒĻƩźĭğƓ /ǒƌƷǒƩğƌ {źŭƓźŅźĭğƓĭĻ͵ /ƚƓƭǒƌƷ ǞźƷŷ ğƌƌ ğŅŅźƌźğƷĻķ ƷƩźĬĻƭ ƌźƭƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ t.! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ źƓķźŭĻƓƚǒƭ ƷƩźĬĻƭ ƚƓ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ƷŷĻ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ bğƷźǝĻ !ƒĻƩźĭğƓ IĻƩźƷğŭĻ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƭźƷĻƭ ƚŅ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌͲ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƭǒĬƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ /9v! ƚƩ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƦƌğƓ ƚƩ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЌ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ
hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƦźƩźƷǒğƌͲ ğƓķΉƚƩ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻźƩ ƷƩźĬĻƭͲ ğƓķ ǞƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻƒ Ʒƚ ğƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷƭ͵
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ћ͵А
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝĻͲ ƩĻƭƷƚƩĻ ƚƩ ĭĻƌĻĬƩğƷĻ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƭźƷĻƭͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊЋ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
9ķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ 5ĻķźĭğƷĻ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƭƷğŅŅ ğƓķ ƦƚƌźĭǤ ƒğƉĻƩƭ Ʒƚ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ tƌğƓƓźƓŭ 5źǝźƭźƚƓ ƭĻƓƷ ğ ƭƷğŅŅ ƒĻƒĬĻƩ Ʒƚ ğƷƷĻƓķ
ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŅĻƭƭźƚƓğƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ğ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ ƭƷğƷĻǞźķĻ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ
bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩƚŅĻƭƭźƚƓğƌ ĻǣƦĻƩƷźƭĻͲ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓ ǒƓķĻƩƭƷğƓķźƓŭ ƚŅ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵Њ
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ŭğźƓ ŭƩĻğƷĻƩ ƩĻĭƚŭƓźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ ğĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
aĻķźğ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ƓŷğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ğ ǞĻĬΏĬğƭĻķ Ʒƚƚƌ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ {ğƓƷğ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ tƌğƓƓźƓŭ ķźǝźƭźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒƚǒƭƌǤ ƒğźƓƷğźƓƭ ğ
ƚǝźķĻ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ
ķĻķźĭğƷĻķ ǞĻĬƦğŭĻ ŅƚƩ źƷƭ IźƭƷƚƩźĭ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷƭ ğƓķ tƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ͵
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵Ў
ƦƩƚǝźķĻƭ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩ ǒƦķğƷĻƭͲ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ķĻƭźŭƓğƷĻķ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭͲ
ğƓķ ƩĻƌĻǝğƓƷ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ͵
ağźƓƷğźƓ ĭĻƩƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ͵ ağźƓƷğźƓ /ĻƩƷźŅźĻķ \[ƚĭğƌ DƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷ ƭƷğƷǒƭ ǒƓķĻƩ ƷŷĻ ağźƓƷğźƓĻķ /ĻƩƷźŅźĻķ \[ƚĭğƌ DƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷ ƭƷğƷǒƭ ǒƓķĻƩ ƷŷĻ bğƷźƚƓğƌ tğƩƉƭ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
bğƷźƚƓğƌ tğƩƉƭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷƩğźƓźƓŭ ğƓķ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷğƌ {ĻƩǝźĭĻ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ͵
bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵А
ƚŅ ğƓƓǒğƌ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ͵
5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ğ ĭƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ǒƦķğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƌźŭƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓγƭ ŭƚğƌƭ ğƓķ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ aĻƷƩƚ 9ğƭƷ aźǣĻķ
ƭĻ hǝĻƩƌğǤ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Ʒƚ ƩĻƒƚǝĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƩƷźƚƓ
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ƭĻ Њ͵Њbƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵
ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ЊАƷŷ {ƷƩĻĻƷ ğƓķ DƩğƓķ !ǝĻƓǒĻ Cƚĭǒƭ !ƩĻğ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ aźķƷƚǞƓ {ƦĻĭźŅźĭ
tƌğƓ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƦƩƚƦƚƭźƓŭ ğ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ƦƌğƓ
LƓ / ЋЉЋЎͲ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ŷğƭ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷ ΛDt!Μ
ğƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷ ğƓķΉƚƩ ğ ǩƚƓĻ ĭŷğƓŭĻ Ʒƚ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƦƚƭğƌͲ
ğƓķ ǩƚƓĻ ĭŷğƓŭĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷğƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ŅƚƩ ğ
ğ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ğ ƓĻƷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷ
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ .ĻƓĻŅźƷ ğƓķ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ tƌğƓ͵ ƚ ķğƷĻͲ ƷǞƚ
ğƭ ķĻƭźƩĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ğƓķ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ͵ 9ǣğƒƦƌĻƭ ƚŅ
ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ŷğǝĻ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ƭǒĭŷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭͳ ŷƚǞĻǝĻƩͲ ƓĻźƷŷĻƩ ŷğƭ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ƒğǤ źƓĭƌǒķĻͲ ĬǒƷ źƭ ƓƚƷ ƌźƒźƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ
ĬĻĻƓ ğƦƦƩƚǝĻķ͵ ŷĻƭĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ ğƷ CźƩƭƷ
ķĻķźĭğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦğƩƉ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŅƚƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ǒƭĻͲ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
{ƷƩĻĻƷ ğƓķ aƚǒƓƷğźƓ źĻǞͲ ğƓķ ǒƭƷźƓ !ǝĻƓǒĻ ğƓķ ЊАƷŷ {ƷƩĻĻƷ͵
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭͲ ƆƚĬ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭͲ ƓĻǞ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƭĻƩǝźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ğƓķ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭͲ
ğƓķ ƩĻƒƚǝğƌ ƚŅ ĬƌźŭŷƷ ğƓķ źƓĭƚƒƦğƷźĬƌĻ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻƭ͵ !ƭƭĻƭƭ ĭğƦźƷğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƓķ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ
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!ķķźƷźƚƓğƌƌǤͲ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ {ƦĻĭźŅźĭ tƌğƓ ŷĻ źƌƌğŭĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ
ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ĭƚƭƷƭͳ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷ ğ ŅźƓğƓĭźğƌ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓğƌǤƭźƭ Ʒƚ
ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ƷŷĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ķĻƭźƩĻķ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğ ǩƚƓĻ ĭŷğƓŭĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƦƌğƓ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
ĭƚƒƦƚƓĻƓƷƭ͵
.ƚƷŷ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ Ʒƚ ƭǒĬƒźƷ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
tƌğƓƭ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻźƩ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭͳ ŷƚǞĻǝĻƩͲ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƦƌğƓƭ ŷğǝĻ ƓƚƷ
ǤĻƷ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌ͵
wĻƷğźƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓķ ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ ǒƦķğƷĻ ğ ƩĻƷğźƌ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ƭƷǒķǤ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ
{ƷğŅŅ ǒƷźƌźǩĻķ ķĻƒƚŭƩğƦŷźĭ ğƓķ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ķğƷğͲ ğƌƚƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ƭƚĭźğƌ
ĭźƷǤγƭ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ /ĻƓƷĻƩƭ ğƓķ
ƩĬğƓ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ
ƒĻķźğ ƷƚƚƌƭͲ Ʒƚ ŷĻƌƦ ķƩźǝĻ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩƭ Ʒƚ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ğƓķ
ĭğƓ ĬĻ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķͳ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ Ʒƚ ƌƚĭğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ źƓŅƚƩƒ ƷŷĻƒ ƚŅ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ
ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭŷƚƦƦźƓŭ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ ğƓķ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭ͵ LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻķ
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻƭĻ ğƩĻğƭ͵
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ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ ƦƚƌźĭǤƒğƉĻƩƭͲ ĭźƷǤ ƌĻğķĻƩƭŷźƦͲ ğƓķ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ
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ĬǤƦğƭƭźƓŭ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ƩĻƭƷƩźĭƷźƚƓƭ͵
LŅ ŅǒƓķĻķͲ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ǟƚǒƌķ ŷğǝĻ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ ƭźƷĻ źƓǝĻƓƷƚƩźĻƭͲ
ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓğƌǤƭĻƭͲ ğƓķ źƭƭǒĻķ ğƓ wCt Ʒƚ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ
ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƓƚƓΏƦƩƚŅźƷƭͲ ƩĻƌźŭźƚǒƭ źƓƭƷźƷǒƷźƚƓƭͲ ğƓķ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ
ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷ Ǟƚǒƌķ ŷğǝĻ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ ğ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ Ʒƚ
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ƭĻ Њ͵Ѝbƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğĭƨǒźƩźƓŭ ĻǣƦĻƓƭźǝĻͲ ƦƩźǝğƷĻƌǤ ŷĻƌķ ƌğƓķ ǞŷźƌĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝźƓŭ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ͵
LƓ / ЋЉЋЎͲ I
5 ķĻĭźķĻķ ƓƚƷ Ʒƚ ŅǒƓķ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵ !ƌƷŷƚǒŭŷ
ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ķźķ ƓƚƷ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻ I
5 twh IƚǒƭźƓŭ ŅǒƓķƭͲ źƷ ƩĻƒğźƓƭ
ĭƚƒƒźƷƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƭĻĭǒƩźƓŭ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦƌƚƩźƓŭ źƓƓƚǝğƷźǝĻ
ƭƚƌǒƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ŅƚƩ
ĻǣƷƩĻƒĻƌǤ ƌƚǞΏźƓĭƚƒĻ ŅğƒźƌźĻƭ͵
CǒƩƷŷĻƩƒƚƩĻͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅƚƌƌƚǞźƓŭ źƓŅźƌƌ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƚƓ ƩĻƌźŭźƚǒƭ ƭźƷĻƭʹ
Ώ wźĭŷğƩķ \[ĻŷƓ LƓƷĻƩŭĻƓĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ IƚǒƭźƓŭ ΛВЊБ b͵ .ĻǞƌĻǤ {Ʒ͵ΜͲ
ŅǒƓķĻķ ĬǤ II!t ΛυЋͲЉЋЊͲЌЊВΜ ğƓķ ĻźŭŷƷ ΛБΜ t.ƭͲ Ǟźƌƌ ƩĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷĻ
!5
ƭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğĭĭĻƭƭƚƩǤ ķǞĻƌƌźƓŭ ǒƓźƷ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƦƌğƓƭ Ʒƚ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƭźƷĻ ğƓķ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ŷğƭ ƩĻƌĻğƭĻķ ğƓķ ƒğķĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭƌǤ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƦƩĻΏğƦƦƩƚǝĻķ !5
ƦƌğƓƭ
ğƩĭŷźƷĻĭƷǒƩğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ ǞŷźƌĻ ƩĻķǒĭźƓŭ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦĻķźƷźƓŭ /źƷǤ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ğƓķ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌƭ͵ ŅƚƩ ƭƷǒķźƚͲ Њ ĬĻķƩƚƚƒͲ ğƓķ Ћ ĬĻķƩƚƚƒ ǒƓźƷƭ͵ ŷĻƩĻ ğƩĻ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤ ЊЊ ƦƌğƓ
ƭƷǤƌĻƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ƓĻǞ !5
ǞĻĬƦğŭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷğƌ
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ƭĻ Њ͵Џbƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭͲ ŅƩĻƨǒĻƓƷƌǤ ğƭƉĻķ ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭͲ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ
ƦƩĻΏğƦƦƩƚǝĻķ ƦƌğƓƭ͵
!ƓƓǒğƌ ƩĻǝźĻǞ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ğ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ƦƌğƓ ƭƷğƷǒƭ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ͵ wĻǝźĻǞ ƷŷĻ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƩĻƦğƩĻķ ğ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ƦƌğƓ ƭƷğƷǒƭ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ ğƓķ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ źƷ Ʒƚ {ƷğƷĻ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ
tƌğƓ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ƚĬƆĻĭƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ ƒğƦ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƷŷĻ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ķĻğķƌźƓĻ ƚŅ !ƦƩźƌ ЊͲ ЋЉЋЏ͵
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤγƭ ƌƚƓŭΏƷĻƩƒ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ǝźƭźƚƓ͵ !ƒĻƓķ ƷŷĻ ƷĻǣƷͲ ŭƚğƌƭͲ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƒğƦ ğƭ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵Ћbƚ t.! !ƓƓǒğƌƌǤ !ƦƩźƌ ЊƭƷ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƓĻĭĻƭƭğƩǤ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƓĻǞ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭͲ ƌĻŭźƭƌğƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ĭŷğƓŭźƓŭ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭ͵
tƩƚƆĻĭƷźƚƓƭ͵ wĻǝźĻǞ ğƓķ ğķƆǒƭƷ ƦƚƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ ğƭƭǒƒƦƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ŅƚƩĻĭğƭƷƭ ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ źƓ wĻǝźĻǞĻķ ğƓķ ğķƆǒƭƷĻķ ƦƚƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ ğƭƭǒƒƦƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ŅƚƩĻĭğƭƷƭ źƓ
ĭƚƓƆǒƓĭƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ 5ĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ CźƓğƓĭĻͲ {/!DͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ ƚŅ ĭƚƓƆǒƓĭƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ 5ĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ CźƓğƓĭĻͲ {/!DͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ ƚŅ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵Ќbƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
hƩğƓŭĻΉ/ĻƓƷĻƩ ŅƚƩ 5ĻƒƚŭƩğƦŷźĭ wĻƭĻğƩĭŷ Ʒƚ ğķĻƨǒğƷĻƌǤ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ŭƩƚǞƷŷ ƚŅ hƩğƓŭĻΉ/ĻƓƷĻƩ ŅƚƩ 5ĻƒƚŭƩğƦŷźĭ wĻƭĻğƩĭŷ Ʒƚ ğķĻƨǒğƷĻƌǤ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ
ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ğƓķ ƆƚĬƭ͵ ŭƩƚǞƷŷ ƚŅ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ğƓķ ƆƚĬƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊЍ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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5ĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓ ğƓƓǒğƌ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌͲ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻͲ
ŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ /ŷğƒĬĻƩ ƚŅ /ƚƒƒĻƩĭĻͲ źƓ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤͲ
ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌͲ ğƓķ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ƩĻğƌ ĻƭƷğƷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ķźƭĭǒƭƭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦźƓŭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƓ
ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ ŷƚƭƷƭ ğƓ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƓŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ΛDwhΜ
{ğƓƷğ !Ɠğͳ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĭŷğƌƌĻƓŭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ķźƭĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤͳ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵Ўbƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЌ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ğƷƷƩğĭƷ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵ hǝĻƩ ЌЎЉ
źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĭƚƭƷ źƒƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷğƷ źƒƦğĭƷ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬźƌźƷǤͳ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğ ƦƌğƓ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ
ƌƚĭğƌ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭͲ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƌĻğķĻƩƭ
ƭǒĭŷ ĭŷğƌƌĻƓŭĻƭ͵
ğƷƷĻƓķ Ʒŷźƭ źƒƦƚƩƷğƓƷ ĻǝĻƓƷ͵
CĻĻ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğ ƦĻƩźƚķźĭ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƚŅ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩ ŅĻĻƭ ğƓķ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ
ŷĻ tǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩƉƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Λt!Μ ŷğƭ ƩĻƷğźƓĻķ ğ ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷğƓƷ Ʒƚ
ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ŅĻĻƭ ğƩĻ ğķĻƨǒğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƒźƷźŭğƷĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƚŅ
ƦƩĻƦğƩĻ ğ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ LƒƦğĭƷ CĻĻ {ƷǒķǤ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ğŭĻƓĭǤͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵Џbƚ t!Ήt.! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ ŭźǝĻƓ Ʒƚ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭ ƚŅ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ƓĻǞ
źƓĭƌǒķ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ŅĻĻƭ͵ ŷĻ ğƓƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷźƚƓ ķğƷĻ źƭ ЋЉЋЏ͵
/źƷǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ƌğƓķ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ķźƭƦƚƭźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ /źƷǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ğƓķ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ķźƭƦƚƭźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ /źƷǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ğƓķ
ƩĻƒƓğƓƷ ƦğƩĭĻƌƭͲ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ǒƩƦƌǒƭ \[ğƓķ !ĭƷ͵ ƩĻƒƓğƓƷ ƦğƩĭĻƌƭͲ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ {ǒƩƦƌǒƭ \[ğƓķ !ĭƷ͵
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ƭĻ Ћ͵Бbƚ t!Ή/5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
hƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƓķ ƦğƩƉ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ źƓ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ğƓķ ƓƚƓƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ͵ /ƚƓƭźķĻƩ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ͵
ğƓķΉƚƩ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ğŭŭƩĻŭğƷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ ĬǤ ƷǞƚ ƚƩ ƒƚƩĻ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵ЊЉ Ļƭ t.!Ήtw/{! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǒƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ŅƚƩƒ ƌğƩŭĻƩ ğƓķ ƒƚƩĻ ǒƭğĬƌĻ ğƩĻğƭ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵
!ƓƷźķźƭƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ wĻƓƷ {ƷğĬźƌźǩğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ WǒƭƷ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤͲ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻͲ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻ ğƓķ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ
/ğǒƭĻ 9ǝźĭƷźƚƓ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ğƭ ƚǒƷƌźƓĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻǝźƚǒƭ ǤĻğƩ͵
ğƓƷźķźƭƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ ǒƓźƓƷĻƓķĻķ ķźƭƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ǝǒƌƓĻƩğĬƌĻ
!ķķźƷźƚƓğƌƌǤͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĻƓŭğŭĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷǞƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ ķǒƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЎ Ʒƚ
ƷĻƓğƓƷƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƷĻƓƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬźƌźƷǤ ĭƚǝĻƓğƓƷƭ ƚƓ ƷǞƚ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵ЊЊ bƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷźƓŭ ĭƚǝĻƓğƓƷ ĻǣƦźƩğƷźƚƓ͵ ŷźƌĻ ŅƚƩƒğƌ
ğŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷƭ ŷğǝĻ ƓƚƷ ǤĻƷ ĬĻĻƓ ŅźƓğƌźǩĻķͲ ƭǒĬƭƷğƓƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ ŷğƭ
ĬĻĻƓ ƒğķĻͲ ğƓķ ƓĻŭƚƷźğƷźƚƓƭ ğƩĻ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ
ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ŅƚƩ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ƷĻƓğƓƷƭ͵
5źƭƷźƓĭƷźǝĻ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ ğķƚƦƷ ğ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƦƌğƓ ƚƩ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƚŅ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƷŷĻ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ǞźƷŷ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ͵
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ƭĻ Ћ͵ЊЋ bƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭŷğƩğĭƷĻƩͲ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ ğƓķ ǒƓźƨǒĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ ğƓķ ŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ƦƌğƓ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ͵
\[ƚĭğƌ ƦƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ğ ŅźƩƭƷ ƦƩźƚƩźƷǤ ƦƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ \[ƚĭğƌ wĻƭźķĻƓƷ tƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ
ǞƚƩƉĻƩƭ źƓ ƷĻƓğƓƷ ƭĻƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻ
hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ğĭƩƚƭƭ ğƌƌ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵ЊЍ bƚ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅźƓğƓĭźğƌ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚƩ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ƷŷğƷ ƨǒğƌźŅǤ ŅƚƩ ğ ķĻƓƭźƷǤ ĬƚƓǒƭ͵
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ЋЉЋЎͲ ĻƓƭǒƩźƓŭ ƦƩźƚƩźƷǤ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ŅƚƩ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ
ğƓķ ǞƚƩƉĻƩƭ źƓ ƷĻƓğƓƷ ƭĻƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ {ĻƩǝźƓŭ /ƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ wĻƷğźƌ ε {ĻƩǝźĭĻ 5źǝĻƩƭźƷǤ LƒƦğĭƷ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
!ƓğƌǤƭźƭ͵ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷ ŅƚƩ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƚƩ ƦƩƚƦƚƭğƌƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓǝĻƩƷ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻͲ
Ǟŷźĭŷ ŷğƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƩĻƨǒźƩźƓŭ ğƓ źƒƦğĭƷ ğƓğƌǤƭźƭ ƚŅ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ
ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƓƚƓΏƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƚƩ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ
ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ğ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƭĻƩǝźƓŭ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ƩĻƷğźƌ ε ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ķźǝĻƩƭźƷǤ źƒƦğĭƷ ğƓğƌǤƭźƭ ğƦƦƌźĭğƓƷƭ ƦƩƚƦƚƭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓǝĻƩƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƓƚƓΏ
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ƭĻ Ћ͵ЊЎ bƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ʒƚ źƓŅƚƩƒ ƷŷĻ ķĻĭźƭźƚƓ ƒğƉźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ğƓķ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ğǝğźƌğĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ķźǝĻƩƭźƷǤ ƚŅ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƚƩ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ƩĻƷğźƌ ğƓķ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ǒƭĻƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ƦƩƚƦƚƭğƌ͵
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ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ĭƌĻğƩğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ĭƌĻğƩğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵Њbƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƷğƷĻ ƌğǞ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊЎ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
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5ĻƭźŭƓ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ ğƓķ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻγƭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǩƚƓĻƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ źƓĭƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ ǞźƷŷ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ͵
ǒƭĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƒźƓźƒǒƒ ķźƭƷğƓĭĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ĬǒŅŅĻƩ ŷĻğǝǤ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ tğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ŷğƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ĻǣğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ źƓĭƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ
ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ƩĻĭĻƦƷƚƩƭ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğ ƭƷǒķǤ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ğƓķ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƒźƓźƒǒƒ ğƓķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷĻƭ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƒğǤ ƷğƉĻ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ğƩĻğƭ ǞŷĻƩĻ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЋĻƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķźƭƷğƓĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ĬǒŅŅĻƩƭ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƓŭ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ğƓķ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ ğƩĻ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƚƓĻ ğƓƚƷŷĻƩ͵
ƩĻĭĻƦƷƚƩƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƩĻƭźķĻƓĭĻƭͲ ƭĭŷƚƚƌƭͲ ķğǤ ĭğƩĻͲ ğƓķ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵
IĻğƌƷŷǤ ƌźŅĻƭƷǤƌĻƭ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ źƓķǒƭƷƩǤ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ĭƩĻğƷĻ ğ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ /ƚǒƓĭźƌ ğķƚƦƷĻķ ğ ƦĻƩƒğƓĻƓƷ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ WǒƓĻ ЊАͲ ЋЉЋЎͲ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝźǩĻ ğƓķ ğƒƚƩƷźǩĻ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƒƚǝğƌ ƚŅ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ŷĻğǝǤ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ
Ǟŷźĭŷ ƷƚƚƉ ĻŅŅĻĭƷ ƚƓ WǒƌǤ ЊАͲ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƦƩƚŷźĬźƷźƓŭ ƓĻǞ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ
ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ǒƭĻƭ͵
ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ ƌźƒźƷźƓŭ ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ
ƩĻƨǒźƩźƓŭ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦƌǤ ǞźƷŷ ƓĻǞ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЌĻƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭͲ ğƓķ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷźƓŭ ğ ŅƩğƒĻǞƚƩƉ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ĻǝĻƓƷǒğƌ ƷƩğƓƭźƷźƚƓ
ğǞğǤ ŅƩƚƒ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ğƩĻğ͵ ŷĻ / ğƌƭƚ ƩĻƒƚǝĻķ ğƓ
LƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ΛaЊΉaЋΜ hǝĻƩƌğǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ \[ƚŭğƓ ğƓķ \[ğĭǤ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭͲ
ĭƌğƭƭźŅǤźƓŭ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƌĻŭğƌ ƓƚƓĭƚƓŅƚƩƒźƓŭ͵
CǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƚƩ ğźƩ ŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ͵ {ĻĻƉ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ Ǟğƭ ğǞğƩķĻķ ƷŷĻ {ƚ/ğƌDğƭ ŭƩğƓƷ Ʒƚ ƌğǒƓĭŷ ğƓ
5źƭƷƩźĭƷ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ źƓƭƷğƌƌğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŷźŭŷΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ ğźƩ ŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ
ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩźƓŭ ƭƷǒķǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ \[ƚŭğƓ ğƓķ \[ğĭǤ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵
ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭ źƓ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭƭͲ ŷƚƒĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƭĭŷƚƚƌƭ ƌƚĭğƷĻķ źƓ ğƩĻğƭ ǞźƷŷ ŷźŭŷ ƌĻǝĻƌƭ ƚŅ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЍĻƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
LƓķƚƚƩ ğźƩ ƦǒƩźŅźĻƩƭ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ƒğķĻ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭ
ƌƚĭğƌźǩĻķ ğźƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓͲ ĻƭƦĻĭźğƌƌǤ ŅƚƩ ƷŷƚƭĻ ǞźƷŷźƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ
ƷŷğƷ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ğźƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƭƷǒķǤ͵
ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵
.ǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ
5ǒƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĻǣƦƌƚƩźƓŭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚƒƚƷźƓŭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ
ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƚƩ ķƩğǞ ƓĻǞ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǩƚƓĻƭ Ʒƚ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЎĻƭ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷŷğƷ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌƌǤ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ
źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ƒƚƩĻ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌƌǤ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵
źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǩƚƓĻƭ͵
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wĻƨǒźƩĻķ ğƌƌ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƩĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƷŷğƷ ǒƭĻ ƌƚĭğƌͲ ƚƩ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓ ƌƚĭğƌ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğƓķ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƌźƒźƓğƷĻ
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ƌĻğķΏĬğƭĻķ ƦğźƓƷ ŷğǩğƩķƭͲ ǞźƷŷ ƦƩźƚƩźƷǤ ŭźǝĻƓ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭƭ ƌƚĭğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷźƓ
Ʒƚ ƩĻƒƚǝĻ ƌĻğķ ƦğźƓƷ ŷğǩğƩķƭ Λ/5!Μ͵
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ĬƚǒƓķğƩźĻƭ͵
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ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ
IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Λh/I/!Μ Ʒƚ ƩğźƭĻ ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƌĻğķ
ğĬğƷĻƒĻƓƷ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
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ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤǞźķĻ 5ĻƭźŭƓ DǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ĬĻƭƷ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğķķƩĻƭƭźƓŭ ƷƩğƓƭźƷźƚƓƭ źƓ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ŷĻźŭŷƷ ğƓķ ĬǒƌƉ ŅƚƩ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ͵
ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƌƚǞĻƩ ķĻƓƭźƷǤ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƷƩğƓƭźƷźƚƓƭ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ
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Ʒƚ ƌƚǞĻƩ ķĻƓƭźƷǤ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ğƩĻ ĬĻźƓŭ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵
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ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƭźŭƓ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ǝźƭǒğƌ
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ƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ źƭ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵Бbƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƌǒƷƷĻƩ
ƒƚķĻƩƓźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭźŭƓ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭƭ͵
tğƩƉźƓŭ͵ ŷƩƚǒŭŷ /źƷǤ LƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓͲ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
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ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƷŷĻ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ tƌğƓ ğƓķ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ķĻƦĻƓķĻƓĭǤ ƚƓ ƭźƓŭƌĻΏƦğƭƭĻƓŭĻƩ
źƓ ЋЉЋЏ͵
ǝĻŷźĭƌĻƭͲ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƓĻĻķƭ ŅƚƩ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ
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ƓƚķĻƭͲ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ źƓ ğǒƷƚƒƚƷźǝĻ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭźĻƭ ğƓķ ĭğƩ ǒƭğŭĻ ƷƩĻƓķƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ
/źƷǤΏƚƦĻƩğƷĻķ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƦźƌƚƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
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ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ !ķğƦƷźǝĻ wĻǒƭĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ĭƌğƩźŅǤ ƷŷĻ ğƩĻğƭ ƚŅ
!ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ źƭ
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ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƓǝĻƩƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƓĻǞ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ͵
ǒƦķğƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ !ķğƦƷźǝĻ wĻǒƭĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊЏ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
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LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
źķĻƓƷźŅźĻķ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ͵
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
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ĭƚķĻ͵ ŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ źƭ źƓƷĻƓķĻķ Ʒƚ
ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷźƓ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ͵
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ƦķğƷĻ /źƷǤ {ǒƓƭŷźƓĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻͲ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷźƓŭ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ
ŷĻ {ǒƓƭŷźƓĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ΛhƩķ͵ b{ΏЌЉЎАΜ Ǟğƭ ƌğƭƷ ǒƦķğƷĻķ CĻĬƩǒğƩǤͲ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЊЍ Ļƭ /ah ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ŅƚƩ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ źƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵
ЋЉͲ ЋЉЋЍ͵
/ƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚƚƌƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ Ʒƚƚƌƭ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ
ŷĻ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ LƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ ğƓķ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ 5źǝźƭźƚƓ
ƩĻĭĻƦƷƚƩƭ ǞŷĻƓ ƓĻǞ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ ğƩĻ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻźƩ ğƩĻğƭ
ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓƭ ğƷ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƭĭŷƚƚƌ
ƦğƩĻƓƷ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ źƓ 9W ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƭŷğƩĻ
źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ ƓĻǞ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ĻΏ
bĻǞƭƌĻƷƷĻƩ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻƭ 9W źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭͲ
źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ /.hͲ ŅğźƷŷΏĬğƭĻķͲ ƩĻƓƷĻƩƭͲ ƌğƓķƌƚƩķƭͲ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭͲ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЊЎ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋЍ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ǤƚǒƷŷͲ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƓƷğĭƷƭ͵ !ƌƭƚͲ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷĻķ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƌĻğķĻƩΏźƓźƷźğƷĻķ ƩĻƨǒĻƭƷƭ ƚƓ
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǝźğ ƒğźƌĻƩΉŅƌǤĻƩ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭźƓŭͲ ƭƚĭźğƌ ƒĻķźğ
ğƓķ /źƷǤ ĻǝĻƓƷƭ ĭğƌĻƓķğƩ ƦƚƭƷƭͲ ğƓķΉƚƩ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ƚŅ ǝƚźĭĻƒğźƌ
ƚƩ ƷĻǣƷ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭ ƩĻƒźƓķĻƩ ƒĻƭƭğŭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ĭğƌƌ ƌźƭƷƭ͵
{ğŅĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ğƌƌ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƩĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƷŷğƷ ǒƭĻ ƌƚĭğƌͲ ƚƩ I
5
wĻƨǒźƩĻķ ğƌƌ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƩĻŷğĬźƌźƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƷŷğƷ ǒƭĻ ƌƚĭğƌͲ ƚƩ
ŅĻķĻƩğƌ ŅǒƓķƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦƌǤ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ \[Ļğķ {ğŅĻ IƚǒƭźƓŭ wǒƌĻͲ Ʒƚ ƩĻƒƚǝĻ ƌĻğķ ƦğźƓƷ
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5 ŅĻķĻƩğƌ ŅǒƓķƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦƌǤ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ \[Ļğķ {ğŅĻ IƚǒƭźƓŭ wǒƌĻͲ ğƓķ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЋЉ Ļƭ /5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŷğǩğƩķƭͲ ķĻƦĻƓķźƓŭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƓğƷǒƩĻ ƚŅ ǞƚƩƉ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ķƚƌƌğƩ ğƒƚǒƓƷ ƚŅ ŅĻķĻƩğƌ
Ʒƚ ƩĻƒƚǝĻ ƌĻğķ ƦğźƓƷ ŷğǩğƩķƭ͵
źƓǝĻƭƷƒĻƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ
tǒĬƌźĭ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ƚǒƷĭƚƒĻƭ͵ {ǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ źƓ ƷŷĻźƩ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦğƓķ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ǞźƷŷ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭ ğƷ
ƩƚƌĻ źƓ źƓǝĻƭƷźŭğƷźƓŭ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ĭƚƒƦƌğźƓƷƭ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ ǒƓƭğŅĻ ƌĻğķ ǞƚƩƉ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƌĻğķ
/źƷǤ ğƓķ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ĻǝĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻķǒĭğƷĻ ŅğƒźƌźĻƭ ƚƓ
ŷğǩğƩķƭ ǞŷĻƩĻźƓ ĭŷźƌķƩĻƓ ğƩĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷͲ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƌƚĭğƌ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ
ķğƓŭĻƩƭ ƚŅ ƌĻğķ ĻǣƦƚƭǒƩĻ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ źƓ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ Ʒƚ ğƭƭǒƩĻ ŷĻğƌƷŷǤ ƚǒƷĭƚƒĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ŅƚƩ źƓķźǝźķǒğƌƭ ğƓķ ŷƚǒƭĻŷƚƌķƭ
ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ͵
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЋЋ Ļƭ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ƌĻğķ ĻǣƦƚƭǒƩĻ ğƓķΉƚƩ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƓŅźƩƒĻķ ƌĻğķ ƌĻǝĻƌƭ ƚŅ
ѢЌ͵ЎǒŭΉķ\[Ͳ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƷŷĻ /ĻƓƷĻƩƭ ŅƚƩ 5źƭĻğƭĻ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğƓķ tƩĻǝĻƓƷźƚƓ źƓķźĭğƷĻƭ ğƭ ƷŷĻ
ƷŷƩĻƭŷƚƌķ ŅƚƩ ŅƚƌƌƚǞΏǒƦ ğƓķ ĭğƭĻ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ źƓ ĭŷźƌķƩĻƓ͵
!ŭĻƓĭǤ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭ͵ ƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ {ƚǒƷŷ /ƚğƭƷ !źƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ ğƓķ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƷǞƚ źƓƷĻƩğĭƷźǝĻ ƒğƦƭ ƷŷğƷ
hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ğƓķ
ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ğ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌźǩĻķ ƌźƭƷ ƚŅ ğŭĻƓĭǤ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭ źƭƭǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ͵
ĭƩźƷĻƩźğ ŅƚƩ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌͲ ğƓķ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƦƚƌźĭǤ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƒźƓźƒźǩĻ źƭƭǒğƓĭĻ ƚŅ
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ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭ ǞźƷŷ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ŷĻğƌƷŷ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
ƦĻƩƒźƷƭ źƭƭǒĻķ źƓ ĭƌƚƭĻ ƦƩƚǣźƒźƷǤ Ʒƚ 9W ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ŷĻğƌƷŷ͵ tğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźǝĻ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ h/I/!
ƭĻƩǝźƓŭ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ƚŅ ƦƩĻƦğƩźƓŭ ğ tǒĬƌźĭ
ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƭĻƩǝźƓŭ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ
IĻğƌƷŷ tƌğƓ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ŷğǩğƩķƭ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !ƓğͲ ǞźƷŷ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ Ņƚĭǒƭ źƓ
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/ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ŭƚğƌ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźǩĻ ğƓķ ƭǤƓĻƩŭźǩĻ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ Ʒƚ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ Ʒƚ ŭğƷŷĻƩ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƌĻğķ
ğƓķ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷ ƦƩĻƌźƒźƓğƩǤ ŅźƓķźƓŭƭ͵
ĻǣƦƚƭǒƩĻ͵
9ƓŭğŭĻ 9W ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ ƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƭĻƩǝźƓŭ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ŷĻƌķ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ
ƌĻğķĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ŅƚƩƒ ğƓ !ķ Iƚĭ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ 9W
ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ğƓķ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ aĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ğƌƌ ƷŷĻ 9W
/ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ 9ƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ŅƚƩ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ğƓķ ƓĻǞ ķźƭğķǝğƓƷğŭĻķ 9W
/ƌǒƭƷĻƩƭ͵ ! /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźǝĻ ğƓķ /.h
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЋЎ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷźĻƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƒǒƌƷźƌźƓŭǒğƌ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƷƚĭƚƌƭ͵ IƚƭƷ ƨǒğƩƷĻƩƌǤ
ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźǝĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ Dw99bΏatb! ğƓķ h/ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ WǒƭƷźĭĻ
wƚǒƓķƷğĬƌĻ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ŭǒźķĻ ğƓķ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ
ğĭƷźǝĻƌǤ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ źƓ ğƌƌ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ 9W !ĭƷźƚƓ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ͵
ƚŅ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊА ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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ĻƓğƓƷ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓƭ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƷĻƓğƓƷƭ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ \[ğƓķƌƚƩķ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ wĻƓƷ {ƷğĬźƌźǩğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ WǒƭƷ
/ğǒƭĻ 9ǝźĭƷźƚƓ LƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ
9ǝźĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ wĻƓƷ {ƷğĬźƌźǩğƷźƚƓ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ğŭğźƓƭƷ ĻǝźĭƷźƚƓƭ
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ƭĻ Ќ͵ЋБ Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЋ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ğƓķ ƩĻŅĻƩƩĻķ ƦǒĬƌźĭ źƓƨǒźƩźĻƭ Ʒƚ /5! ƩĻƌğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƩĻƓƷ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻ
ŅƚƩ ƷŷƚƭĻ Ǟŷƚ ƭĻĻƉ ğĭƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƭǒĬƭƷğƓķğƩķ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ğƓķ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ
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ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƚƩ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
wĻǝźĻǞ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ķźƭĭƌƚƭĻ ƦƩźƚƩ
ƭźƷĻ ğƓķ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ ƚŅ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤͲ źƓ ƚƩķĻƩ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
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ƭźƷĻ ǒƭĻƭͲ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƭƚźƌ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ǒƓķĻƩŭƩƚǒƓķ
ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ŅƚƩ ƭźƷĻ ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ŅƩƚƒ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ ƚƩ ƭƚźƌ ƌĻğķ
ƭƷƚƩğŭĻ ƷğƓƉƭ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƭǒĬƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ͵
ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ƩĻƒĻķźğƷĻķ͵
IƚǒƭźƓŭ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ͵ aƚƓźƷƚƩ ƷŷĻ ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ IƚǒƭźƓŭ hƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ !Ih/hΏ
hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ /źƷǤ /ƚǒƓĭźƌ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ
ƨǒğƌźŅǤźƓŭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ğƭƭĻƭƭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƷƩĻƓķƭ ğƓķ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ
źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ĬǒƷ ƓƚƷ ƌźƒźƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩźƓŭ ƓĻǞ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ǒƓźƷƭ ƚƓ ƭźƷĻ ğƓķ ğ ƒźǣ
ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ͵ LƓĭƌǒƭźƚƓğƩǤ IƚǒƭźƓŭ CǒƓķƭ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ ğƌƌƚĭğƷĻķ Ʒƚ
ƚŅ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ƷǤƦĻƭ ğƷ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ƦƩźĭĻ ƦƚźƓƷƭ͵
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƓĻǞ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚƒĻƚǞƓĻƩƭŷźƦ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵ 5ǒƩźƓŭ /
ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ğƦƦƩƚǝĻķ ŅźǝĻ ΛЎΜ LƓĭƌǒƭźƚƓğƩǤ IƚǒƭźƓŭ tƌğƓƭ ƷŷğƷ Ǟźƌƌ
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ƭĻ Ѝ͵Ћbƚ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻ ЊБ ǒƓźƷƭ ğƓķ ƚǝĻƩ υЎ ƒźƌƌźƚƓ źƓ źƓΏƌźĻǒ ŅĻĻƭ ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǣƷ
ŅĻǞ ǤĻğƩƭ͵ !ƭ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƌĻǝĻƌƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻķͲ
ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƩĻƒğźƓƭ ĭƚƒƒźƷƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƩĻǝźĻǞźƓŭ ğƓķ ƩĻǝźƭźƓŭ !Ih/h ŅĻĻƭ
ğƓķ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ğƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ
ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ źƓ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ƓƚķĻƭ ğƓķ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ͵ /ƩĻğƷĻ ğ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓ
tƩĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓƭ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźǝĻ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ
ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ƓƚķĻ ğƓķ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ǒƓźŅźĻķ ǝźƭźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ƌƚƓŭΏƷĻƩƒ
źķĻƓƷźŅźĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ źƭ ǒƓķĻƩǞğǤ͵
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭͲ ƭźķĻǞğƌƉƭͲ ƦƌğǩğƭͲ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭƦğĭĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƌğĭĻƒğƉźƓŭ
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ĻƌĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƦǒĬƌźĭ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƦźƌƚƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ Ņƚĭǒƭ
ğƩĻğ ğƓķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƷŷĻƒ źƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ /ğƦźƷğƌ LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
tǒĬƌźĭΉƦƩźǝğƷĻ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ ğķƚƦƷ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭƌǤ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬƌĻ ǒƭğĬƌĻ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƓĻǞ ƒǒƌƷźŅğƒźƌǤͲ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌͲ ƚŅŅźĭĻͲ ŭƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷͲ ğƓķ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ 9ƓƭǒƩĻ ƌƚƓŭΏ
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ĭƚķĻ͵ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭΉƦƩźǝğƷĻ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ
ƷĻƩƒ Ņźƭĭğƌ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭƌǤ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬƌĻ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ͵
źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ƦƌğƓ͵
hƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ŅǒƓķƭ͵ tğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƚƓƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ĭƩĻğƷźƓŭ ğƓ ĻƓƷĻƩƦƩźƭĻ ŅǒƓķ ğƓķ
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ğƓķ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ŭƩğƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ŅǒƓķ ƷŷĻ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ
ƌĻǝĻƩğŭźƓŭ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƦğƩƉ źƓΏƌźĻǒ ğƓķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ŅĻĻƭ Ʒƚ ğƭƭźƭƷ
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ƭĻ Ѝ͵Ўbƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƭƦğĭĻ źƓ ǒƓķĻƩƭĻƩǝĻķ ğƩĻğƭͲ ğƭ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƉƭ ƓĻĻķƭ
tw/{!Ήt! źƓ ğĭƨǒźƩźƓŭ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ
ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ Ή ƦğƩƉƭ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ͵
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ
aźǣĻķ
ƭĻ \[źŅĻƭƷǤƌĻƭ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷƩĻƭŷƚƌķƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ Ʒƚ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƒźƓźƒǒƒ ƦĻƩĭĻƓƷğŭĻ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ źƓ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ƌğƓķ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
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ƭĻ Ѝ͵Бbƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǒƭĻ ķĻƭźŭƓğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƓ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ĭƚƓǝĻƩƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƚƩ
ĭƚķĻ͵ aźƓźƒǒƒƭ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ǒƭĻƭ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ źƓƷƚ
ƒźǣĻķ ǒƭĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ƦƌğƓ͵
/ƩƚƭƭΏğŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ĻǣƷĻƩƓğƌ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ĻǣƷĻƩƓğƌ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƚŅ
źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉ ğƓķ ƓĻǞ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƌƚĭğƌ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉ ğƓķ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵Њ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğĭĭƚƒƒƚķğƷĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵ ğĭĭƚƒƒƚķğƷĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵ {ǒĭŷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƷŷĻ tǒĬƌźĭ
wĻğƌƒƭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊБ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
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!ƩƷĻƩźğƌ IźŭŷǞğǤƭ ğĭĭƚƒƒƚķğƷĻƭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ğƓķ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ķĻƒğƓķ ŅƚƩ ğƌƌ ǒƭĻƩƭ ǞŷźƌĻ IźŭŷǞğǤƭ ğĭĭƚƒƒƚķğƷĻƭ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ğƓķ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ƓĻĻķƭ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵Ћ bƚ t! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩźƚƩźƷźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƚŅ ƦĻƚƦƌĻ ǒƷźƌźǩźƓŭ ƓƚƓΏğǒƷƚƒƚĬźƌĻ ƒƚķĻƭ ƚŅ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ͵
/ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ ķĻƭźŭƓ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƦƌğƓƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
źƌƌ ƭƷğƩƷ źƓ ЌƩķ vǒğƩƷĻƩ ƚŅ ЋЉЋЏ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵Ќ bƚ t! ЋЉЋЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ͵
wĻķǒĭĻ ĭƚƌƌźƭźƚƓƭ͵ aźƓźƒźǩĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ǝĻŷźĭǒƌğƩͲ
źƭźƚƓ ĻƩƚ tƌğƓ ğķƚƦƷĻķ͵ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ Y
њ! Ʒƚ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵Ѝ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĬźĭǤĭƌĻͲ ğƓķ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ĭƚƓŅƌźĭƷƭ͵
ğƓ ğƒĻƓķƒĻƓƷ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ t͵
ƦķğƷĻ źƭ ƚƓΏŭƚźƓŭ͵
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tƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƷŷĻ /LtͲ ğƓķ ğƒĻƓķĻķ ğƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩ Ʒƚ
ƷŷğƷ ĭƚƩƩĻƭƦƚƓķƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ƦƌğƓ ŭƚğƌƭ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ğĭƷźƚƓƭ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵Ў bƚ t! !ƓƓǒğƌƌǤ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ĭğƦźƷğƌ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ƷŷğƷ ğƌźŭƓƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ
ŭƚğƌƭ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ğĭƷźƚƓƭ͵
!ƭƭĻƷ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ƚŅ ğƓ ğƭƭĻƷ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ǒƷźƌźǩĻƭ ğƓ ğƭƭĻƷ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ŅƚƩ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƚŅ
ķğƷğĬğƭĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭͲ ƦğƩƉǞğǤ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğǝĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ğƭƭĻƷƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƦƚƩƷźƓŭ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵Џ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻğƌƒ
ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉ ƭğŅĻƷǤ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ L{ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ğƓķ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ L{ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ğƓķ ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ
ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ƭźŭƓğƌ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЊ͵А bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƓĻƷǞƚƩƉͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ƭźŭƓğƌ
ƭǤƓĭŷƩƚƓźǩğƷźƚƓ͵
ƭǤƓĭŷƩƚƓźǩğƷźƚƓ͵
/ƩƚƭƭΏğŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ h/! ğƓķ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ h/! ğƓķ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğ ŅǒƓķźƓŭͲ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ h/ {ƷƩĻĻƷĭğƩ͵ ğ ŅǒƓķźƓŭͲ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ h/ {ƷƩĻĻƷĭğƩ͵ !
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЋ͵Ћ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ƦƌğƓ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒźƷƒĻƓƷƭ ƚǒƷƌźƓĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ŅźƓğƌ ğŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷ͵
.ǒƭ ƷǒƩƓƚǒƷƭ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ Ĭǒƭ ƷǒƩƓƚǒƷƭ ƚƓ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ ğĭĭƚƩķźƓŭ Ʒƚ h/! ķĻƭźŭƓ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ Ĭǒƭ ƷǒƩƓƚǒƷƭ ƚƓ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ ğƭ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЋ͵Ќ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğĭĭƚƩķźƓŭ Ʒƚ h/! ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
CƩĻĻǞğǤ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ tğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ /ğƌƷƩğƓƭ !ķǝźƭƚƩǤ ƚƩƉźƓŭ DƩƚǒƦƭ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ /ğƌƷƩğƓƭ !ķǝźƭƚƩǤ ƚƩƉźƓŭ DƩƚǒƦƭ ŅƚƩ ŅƩĻĻǞğǤ
ŅƩĻĻǞğǤ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ğƓķ źƒƦğĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ğƓķ źƒƦğĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ
ƌƚĭğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ͵ ƌƚĭğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЌͲ /ğƌƷƩğƓƭ ğƓķ h/! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ {wΏЎЎ ǞźķĻƓźƓŭ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤ Ћ͵Ѝ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷŷĻ LΏЍЉЎ ğƓķ LΏЎ͵ /źƷǤ ƭƷğŅŅ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ źƓǝƚƌǝĻķ źƓ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƓŭ
źƒƦğĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ƌƚĭğƌ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ǞŷźƌĻ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷźƓŭ /ğƌƷƩğƓƭ ǞƚƩƉ͵ {ƷğŅŅ Ǟźƌƌ
ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ƷŷĻƭĻ ĭƚƚƦĻƩğƷźǝĻ ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷźƚƓ͵
DƩğķĻ ƭĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ͵ tǒƩƭǒĻ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŭƩğķĻ ƭĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ Ʃğźƌ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ŭƩğķĻ
ĭƩƚƭƭźƓŭƭ ğƓķ ƩƚğķǞğǤƭ ğƷ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ .ƚǒƌĻǝğƩķͲ {ĻǝĻƓƷĻĻƓƷŷ {ƷƩĻĻƷͲ ğƓķ DƩğƓķ ƭĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ Ʃğźƌ ĭƩƚƭƭźƓŭƭ ğƓķ ƩƚğķǞğǤƭ ğƷ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ .ƚǒƌĻǝğƩķ͵
!ǝĻƓǒĻ͵ wĻĭĻźǝĻķ Lw/t ŭƩğƓƷ ŅƚƩ υАa ŅƚƩ ķĻƭźŭƓ ğƓķ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƦŷğƭĻƭ ğƓķ ğ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЋ͵Ў bƚ t! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
w!L{9 ŭƩğƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ğƒƚǒƓƷ ƚŅ υЋЎa ŅƚƩ ƩźŭŷƷ ƚŅ ǞğǤ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ğƓķ
ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ͵
ğǤŅźƓķźƓŭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵ wĻŅźƓĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ǞğǤŅźƓķźƓŭ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ķźƩĻĭƷ
tǒƩƭǒźƓŭ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƚƩ ƚǒƷƩĻğĭŷ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷğƓƷ ǞƚƩƉ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЋ͵А bƚ t! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƩğǝĻƌĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ĭĻƓƷĻƩƭͲ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓͲ ğƓķ /źǝźĭ /ĻƓƷĻƩ͵
!ĭƷźǝĻ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ
{ƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ĻƌĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ !ĭƷźǝĻ
ĭƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ğĭƷźǝĻ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЌ͵Њ bƚ t! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ tƌğƓ ğƭ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ǟğƭ ƒğķĻ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ
ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЊВ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
tĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ͵ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ !5! ƩğƓƭźƷźƚƓ tƌğƓ Ʒƚ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻƌǤ
t! źƭ ķĻƭźŭƓźƓŭ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ !5! ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓƷ
ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤͲ ǞźƷŷ ŭǒźķğƓĭĻ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ {źķĻǞğƌƉ /ƚƓƓĻĭƷźǝźƷǤ
ǞŷĻĻƌĭŷğźƩ ƩğƒƦƭ ǞźƷŷ !ĭƷźǝĻ ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ tƩƚŭƩğƒ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķƭ
tƌğƓ͵
ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ źƓ ЋЉЋЍ !t /ǤĭƌĻ А͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƭƷğƩƷ ğƓƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ źƓ
ЋЉЋА͵
!ķķźƷźƚƓğƌƌǤͲ t! ƩĻǝźĻǞĻķ ğƌƌ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ƌğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ǞŷĻƷŷĻƩ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ
Ǟƚǒƌķ ƩĻƭǒƌƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƓĻĻķ ŅƚƩ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķͲ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЌ͵Ќ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǞŷĻƩĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ ğƓķ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻͲ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƓĻǞ
ƭźķĻǞğƌƉƭ ğƓķ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ƩğƒƦƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ЌЍͲЋЍЋ ƭƨǒğƩĻ ŅĻĻƷ ƚŅ ƭźķĻǞğƌƉͲ ЋͲАЋЍ ƌźƓĻğƩ ŅĻĻƷ ƚŅ ĭǒƩĬ ε
ŭǒƷƷĻƩͲ БͲАЍЊ ƭƨǒğƩĻ ŅĻĻƷ ƚŅ ķƩźǝĻǞğǤ ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷĻƭͲ ğƓķ ЍͲЍЎБ
ƭƨǒğƩĻ ŅĻĻƷ ƚŅ !5! ĭǒƩĬ ƩğƒƦƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƩĻƦƌğĭĻķ ğƷ ЌЊЎ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ źƓ Ѝ
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭͲ źƒƦƩƚǝźƓŭ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ğķķƩĻƭƭźƓŭ
!5! ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ͵
tĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ ǩƚƓĻƭ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓƭ źƓ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ
tǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓƭ ğƩĻ ĬĻźƓŭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ŅźǝĻ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭͲ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЌ͵Ѝ Ļƭ t!Ήt.! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǩƚƓĻƭ
Ǟŷźĭŷ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ ǩƚƓĻƭ͵
aǒƓźĭźƦğƌ /ƚķĻ ǒƦķğƷĻ͵ !ƒĻƓķ ƷŷĻ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷǒķźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ
ağźƓƷğźƓĻķ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ ƒźƌĻƭ ƷƩğǝĻƌĻķ ΛaΜ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ źƓ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵Њ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЍ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƩĻƨǒĻƭƷƭ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓƭ źƓ ğƌƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
ǞźƷŷ {. АЍЌ͵
5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ĭƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ
h/ {ƷƩĻĻƷĭğƩ źƭ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ĬǤ {ƦƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЏ źƓ
ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓ ƷŷğƷ źƓǝƚƌǝĻƭ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ
ƚƩķĻƩ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵Ћ bƚ t!Ήt.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓķ ğķķƩĻƭƭĻƭ ķƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ŭƩƚǞƷŷͲ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵ {ƷǒķǤ ƷŷĻ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭƷğŅŅ ƌĻķ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƦƚƌźĭǤ ƦƩƚƦƚƭğƌƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ
ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭͲ źƓǝƚƌǝźƓŭ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭͲ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ
ƷŷĻ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭ ĬǤ ĻƓŷğƓĭźƓŭ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ğķǝğƓĭźƓŭ ŅğźƩͲ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷĻƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƭƷ
ƩĻĭƚǝĻƩǤ ğƓķ ƩĻǝĻƓǒĻ͵ wĻĭƚŭƓźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻƭĻ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƭ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ
hƓŭƚźƓŭ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵Ќ bƚ /5!Ήt! ЋЉЋЎ
ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƭƭĻƷƭͲ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚƦƚƭğƌƭ ĻƒƦŷğƭźǩĻķ ƚƦƷźƒźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻźƩ ǒƭĻ Ʒƚ
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ķƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ ğƓķ ƌƚƓŭΏƷĻƩƒ
ƒƚĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ŭƚğƌƭ
wĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ͵ wĻĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƷŷĻ wĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ tĻƩƒźƷ tğƩƉźƓŭ tƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ źƷ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƩĻĻǝğƌǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ wĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ tĻƩƒźƷ tğƩƉźƓŭ tƩƚŭƩğƒ
ĭƚƒƦƌźĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ƭƷğƷĻ ƌğǞ ğƓķ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵
Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ źƷ ĭƚƒƦƌźĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ƭƷğƷĻ ƌğǞ ğƓķ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵ t!
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵Ѝ Ļƭ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ğ ĭźƷǤΏǞźķĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƦƌğƓͲ ǞźƷŷ ĻǣƦĻĭƷĻķ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷźƚƓ źƓ
ЋЉЋЏ͵
/źƷǤǞźķĻ 5ĻƭźŭƓ DǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ ǒƦķğƷĻ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤǞźķĻ 5ĻƭźŭƓ DǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ Ʒƚ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓ ƦĻķĻƭƷƩźğƓ ğƓķ ĭǤĭƌźƭƷ ƌźƓƉğŭĻƭ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭĻƓƷĻƩƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ƚƓΏƭźƷĻ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ǞźƷŷ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵Ў bƚ t.!Ήt! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğƩĻ ĬĻźƓŭ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ
ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ źƓƷĻƩŅğĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ğƓķ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋЉ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
{ğŅĻ ƷƩğǝĻƌǞğǤƭ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ /źƷǤ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƚŅ ƦŷǤƭźĭğƌ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ
t! ƩĻǝźĻǞĻķ ğƌƌ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ƌğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ
ƩĻƌğƷĻķ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷƩğǝĻƌǞğǤƭ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ
ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ źŅ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ĭğǒƭĻķ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ
ƓĻĻķ ŅƚƩ ğƌƌ ƒƚķĻƭ ƚŅ ƭğŅĻ ƷƩğǝĻƌͲ ğƓķ ǞŷĻƩĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ ğƓķ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵Џ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻͲ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƓĻǞ ƒĻķźğƓƭͲ ķƩźǝĻǞğǤƭͲ
ƦğƩƉǞğǤƭͲ ƷƩĻĻƭͲ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ƌźŭŷƷƭͲ ĬźƉĻ ƌğƓĻƭͲ ƭźķĻǞğƌƉƭͲ ğƓķ ƷƩğǝĻƌ
ƌğƓĻƭ͵
.źƉĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ğƓķ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĬźƉĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƓĻǞ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƒğƆƚƩ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƌƚƓŭΏƷĻƩƒ ĬźƉĻ ƌƚĭƉĻƩ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ğƓķ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЍ͵А bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ŅƚƩ źƓĭƌǒƭźƚƓ źƓ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
ĭƚķĻ͵ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ ĬźƉĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ğƩĻ ĬĻźƓŭ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻ
ķƩğŅƷ ƦƌğƓ͵
ƩźƦ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ ƷƩźƦ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ĬĻƭƷ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ ƷƩźƦ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ŭƚğƌƭ ǝźğ ƚǒƩ wźķĻƭŷğƩĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ
ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ /źƷǤ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻƭͲ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻ͵
ĬǤ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ŅƚƩ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƷĻ ƒƚķĻƭ͵ !ƌƷĻƩƓğƷĻ
ĭƚƒƒǒƷĻ ƒƚķĻƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĭğƩƦƚƚƌͲ ǞğƌƉͲ ĬźƉĻͲ Ĭǒƭ ƷƩğƓƭźƷͲ ğƓķ ƷƩğźƓ
ƷƩğƓƭźƷ͵ aƚƓƷŷƌǤ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ŅƚƩ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƷĻ ƒƚķĻƭ ΛĭğƩƦƚƚƌͲ
ǞğƌƉͲ ĬźƉĻΜ ğƩĻ ƷƩźƦ ĬğƭĻķ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭ ğ ƒźƓźƒǒƒ ƚŅ ŅƚǒƩ ƷƩźƦƭ ƦĻƩ
ƒƚƓƷŷ ΛЍΏА ƷƩźƦƭ υЋЉͲ БΏЊЊ ƷƩźƦƭ υЌЎͲ ЊЋњ ƷƩźƦƭ υЎЉΜ͵ ŷĻ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ
ŅƚƩ Ĭǒƭ ğƓķ ƷƩğźƓ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ƒǒƭƷ ğƌƭƚ ƒĻĻƷ ğ ƒźƓźƒǒƒ ƚŅ Ѝ
ƷƩźƦƭΉƒƚƓƷŷ ğƓķ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ ğƩĻ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ЎЉі ƚŅ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ŅğƩĻ ǒƦ Ʒƚ ğ
ƒğǣ ƚŅ υЊЉЉ͵ ŷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƌƭƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻƭ ƨǒğƩƷĻƩƌǤ ƩğŅŅƌĻ ŭźŅƷ ƦƩźǩĻƭ
ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƓŭ ĭƚƒƒǒƷĻƩƭ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤ Ѝ͵В bƚ Iw hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ ǞĻ ğƌƭƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ĭƌĻğƓĻƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƷĻƭ ĬǤ ƭƚƒĻ
ķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷƭ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ƷĻƌĻĭƚƒƒǒƷźƓŭ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƦƩĻƭƭĻķ
ǞƚƩƉΏǞĻĻƉƭ͵ !ƌƭƚͲ ƚǒƩ ǩĻƩƚ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ Λ9Μ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻƭ ğ ĭƌĻğƓĻƩ ĭƚƒƒǒƷĻ ĬǤ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ğ υЊЉЉЉ ƩĻĬğƷĻ
ŅƚƩ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻƭ Ǟŷƚƒ ŷğǝĻ ğ 9 ĻƌźŭźĬƌĻ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ͵
ƩźƦ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ŭƚğƌƭ ğƌƭƚ ğƩĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒƚǒƭƌǤ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƚǒƩ
ķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƚƓΉĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ ğƷ ƓĻǞ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻ ƚƩźĻƓƷğƷźƚƓͲ
ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ŅğźƩ ĻǝĻƓƷƭ ΛhƦĻƓ 9ƓƩƚƌƌƒĻƓƷ ŅğźƩͲ ĻƌƌƓĻƭƭ ŅğźƩΜͲ
ğƓķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ğƓ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻ ƩĻŅĻƩƩğƌ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ŅƚƩ ƩĻŅĻƩƩźƓŭ ğ ƓĻǞ
ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻ Ʒƚ ƚǒƩ wźķĻƭŷğƩĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
ĻŷźĭƌĻ ƒźƌĻƭ ƷƩğǝĻƌĻķ͵ ağźƓƷğźƓ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ ƒźƌĻƭ ƷƩğǝĻƌĻķ ΛaΜ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ źƓ
ağźƓƷğźƓĻķ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻ ƒźƌĻƭ ƷƩğǝĻƌĻķ ΛaΜ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ źƓ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤ Ѝ͵ЊЉbƚ t!Ήt.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ ǞźƷŷ {. АЍЌ
ǞźƷŷ {. АЍЌ͵
/ƩƚƭƭΏğŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ͵ ağźƓƷğźƓ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ
ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƆƚźƓƷ ƦƚǞĻƩƭ ğǒƷŷƚƩźƷǤ ğŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤ Ѝ͵ЊЊbƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƆƚźƓƷ ƦƚǞĻƩƭ ğǒƷŷƚƩźƷǤ ğŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷƭ
ƆǒƩźƭķźĭƷźƚƓƭ͵
ǞźƷŷ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƆǒƩźƭķźĭƷźƚƓƭ͵
{ğŅĻ ƷƩğǝĻƌǞğǤƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƭğŅĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƭğŅĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЎ͵Њ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƩğǝĻƌǞğǤƭ͵
ƷƩğǝĻƌǞğǤƭ͵
{ƷƩĻĻƷ ķĻƭźŭƓƭ͵ tğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ ƭƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ ğŭĻƓĭǤ ŅƚƩǒƒƭ Ʒƚ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻ źƓ ƭƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ
ğŅŅĻĭƷ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ǒƓźǝĻƩƭğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻƩ
ğŭĻƓĭǤ ŅƚƩǒƒƭ Ʒƚ ğŅŅĻĭƷ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ǒƓźǝĻƩƭğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ķĻƭźŭƓ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЎ͵Ћ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅƩźĻƓķƌǤͲ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻͲ ğƓķ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ͵
ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻƩ ŅƩźĻƓķƌǤͲ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻͲ ğƓķ
ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ͵
{ƷƩĻĻƷ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵ LƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ƌƚǞ źƒƦğĭƷ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ Λ\[L5Μ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ Ʒƚ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ ƚŅ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷźƓŭ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ .atƭ Ʒƚ ƷƩĻğƷ ƚƩ
źƓŅźƌƷƩğƷĻͲ ƷƩĻğƷͲ ƚƩ ŷğƩǝĻƭƷ ǒƩĬğƓ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ źƓ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
źƓŅźƌƷƩğƷĻ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ źƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ǞƚƩƉƭ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЎ͵Ќ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭĻǝĻƩğƌ źƓŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓͲ ŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓͲ ĬźƚƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷͲ ğƓķ ŅźƌƷĻƩ źƓƭĻƩƷ .atƭ
ǞĻƩĻ źƓƭƷğƌƌĻķ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋЊ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
ƩĻĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ͵ wĻΏĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ƷƩĻĻ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ t! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƌƚƓŭ ƷĻƩƒ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ Ņźƭĭğƌ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭğƌƌǤ ƦƌĻğƭźƓŭ ƷƩĻĻƭ ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ
ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ źƓǝĻƓƷƚƩǤ ƚŅ ЎЉͲЉЉЉ /źƷǤ ƩźŭŷƷΏƚŅΏǞğǤ
ƌƚƓŭ ƷĻƩƒ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЎ͵Ў bƚ t! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƩĻĻƭ͵ !ƌƌ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒĻķ ǞĻƩĻ źƓ ğĭĭƚƩķğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ źƓķǒƭƷƩǤ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ƭĻƷ ŅƚƩƷŷ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ LƓƷĻƩƓğƷźƚƓğƌ {ƚĭźĻƷǤ ƚŅ
!ƩĬƚƩźĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ΛL{!Μ͵
ƩğŅŅźĭ ĭğƌƒźƓŭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƚƩ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ Ʒƚ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķΉƚƩ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ
ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ĭğƌƒźƓŭ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ğƓķ ƩĻğƭƚƓğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ğƩĻğ͵
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЎ͵Џ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ Ʒƚ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ĭğƌƒźƓŭ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ
ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ğƓķ ƩĻğƭƚƓğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ğƩĻğ͵
tğƩƉźƓŭ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭͲ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩƌǤ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻƭ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭͲ Ʒƚ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ źƓ ğƩĻğƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒĻķ ŅƚƩ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ
ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ ğƓķ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵ LƓ {ĻƦƷĻƒĬĻƩ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷĻķ ǒƦķğƷĻķ
ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƩğƷĻƭͲ ƩĻƭǒƌƷźƓŭ źƓ ğ ĬğƌğƓĭĻķ ĬǒķŭĻƷ ğƓķ ƚǝĻƩğƌƌ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤЎ͵А Ļƭ /5! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ğƌƭƚ
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩƭ Ʒƚƚƌƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ tğƩƉźƓŭ !ƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻƷƷĻƩ ğƌźŭƓ
ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭǒƦƦƌǤ ǞźƷŷ ķĻƒğƓķ ğƓķ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ğƩĻğƭ ƦƌğƓƓĻķ ŅƚƩ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
wğźƌ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ Ʃğźƌ ğƓķ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ƦƩƚǝźķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭƭͲ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ Ʃğźƌ ğƓķ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ƦƩƚǝźķĻƩƭ Ʒƚ
ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻͲ ƭğŅĻƷǤͲ ğƓķ ƓƚźƭĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭ ğƌƚƓŭ Ʃğźƌ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ͵
ğķķƩĻƭƭ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭƭͲ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻͲ ƭğŅĻƷǤͲ ğƓķ ƓƚźƭĻ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤ Ў͵В bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭ ğƌƚƓŭ Ʃğźƌ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ͵
{ǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ŭƩğƓƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ ŭƩğķĻ ƭĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
{ƷƩĻĻƷ ƒĻķźğƓƭ͵ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒĻķźğƓƭ ƚƓ ƒğƆƚƩ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ {ƷƩĻĻƷ ƒĻķźğƓƭ ğƩĻ ƩĻĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷĻķ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ
ƷŷĻ CƌƚǞĻƩ {ĻǞĻƩ ağźƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ͵ aĻķźğƓƭ Ǟźƌƌ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźǩĻķ źƓ
ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ ŅƚƩ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌ ƭƷƩĻĻƷƭ͵ wĻĭĻźǝĻķ ŭƩğƓƷ
ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ ķĻƭźŭƓ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƒĻķźğƓƭ ƚƓ 9ǒĭƌźķ {ƷƩĻĻƷ ŅƩƚƒ ƭƚǒƷŷ Ʒƚ
ƓƚƩƷŷ /źƷǤ \[źƒźƷƭ͵ 5ĻƭźŭƓ źƭ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƭƷğƩƷ
źƓ ЋЉЋА͵ !ķķźƷźƚƓğƌƌǤͲ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻƭǒƌƷ źƓ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭğƌƌǤ
aƚĬźƌźƷǤ Ў͵ЊЉbƚ t! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЌЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƌĻğƭźƓŭ ƒĻķźğƓƭ ǞźƷŷ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ
ƭğŅĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƷƩğǝĻƌ ǞğǤƭ͵ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ğƦƦƩƚǣźƒğƷĻƌǤ Ћ͵ЊЋ ƒźƌĻƭ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ
ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ ǞĻƩĻ źƓƭƷğƌƌĻķ ğƌƚƓŭ ƒğƆƚƩ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ 9ķźƓŭĻƩ !ǝĻ ğƓķ .ƩźƭƷƚƌ
{Ʒ͵
/źƷǤ ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ͵ !ƭ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ ğƓķ ƦƩğĭƷźĭğƌͲ ƓĻǞ ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ ƦǒƩĭŷğƭĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ Ǟźƌƌ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƷƚͲ ğƭ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ ğƓķ ƦƩğĭƷźĭğƌͲ ƦƩƚĭǒƩĻ ƓĻǞ ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ ƦǒƩĭŷğƭĻķ
ƒĻĻƷ ƓƚźƭĻ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒğƓĭĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ĬĻƭƷ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƓƚźƭĻ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƷŷğƷ ƒĻĻƷ ƓƚźƭĻ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒğƓĭĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ
bƚźƭĻ Њ͵Њ bƚ t!ΉCźƓğƓĭĻ hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ͵ ĬĻƭƷ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ƓƚźƭĻ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ͵ LƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ ƚŅ ĻƌĻĭƷƩźĭ
ǝĻŷźĭƌĻƭ͵
h/ {ƷƩĻĻƷĭğƩ͵ aƚƓźƷƚƩ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ƚǒƷƌźƓĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ CźƓğƌ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ ƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ
{ǒƦƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƌ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ LƒƦğĭƷ wĻƦƚƩƷ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ h/ {ƷƩĻĻƷĭğƩ͵ !ǒƷŷƚƩźƷǤ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩ ƚƓ ğƌƌ ğƭƦĻĭƷƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ h/ {ƷƩĻĻƷĭğƩ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓͲ
źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ĻƓƭǒƩźƓŭ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ğƩĻ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷĻķ͵ /źƷǤ ƭƷğŅŅ ğƷƷĻƓķ
bƚźƭĻ Њ͵Ћ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ǞĻĻƉƌǤ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƚǝĻƩƭźŭŷƷ źƓƭƦĻĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ
ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ bt59{ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ͵
!ķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƆǒƩźƭķźĭƷźƚƓƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƓ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ğƓķ /9v! ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷƭ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ
bƚźƭĻ Њ͵В bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƆǒƩźƭķźĭƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒĻƓƷ ƚƓ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩźƓŭ ĭźƷźĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƒğǤ
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋЋ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
!ƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ ƦğǝźƓŭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ ƦğǝźƓŭ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ ƷŷğƷ ĭğƓ ƩĻķǒĭĻ {ƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƭƷ ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦğǝĻƒĻƓƷ
ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ƓƚźƭĻͲ ğƭ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻͲ ķĻƦĻƓķźƓŭ ƚƓ ƩƚğķǞğǤ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƭƷΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ͵ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƩǒĬĬĻƩźǩĻķ ƦğǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ͵
{ƚƒĻ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ǒƭĻķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ !ƭƦŷğƌƷ wǒĬĬĻƩ IƚƷ aźǣ Λ!wIaΜͲ
!ƭƦŷğƌƷ wǒĬĬĻƩ !ŭŭƩĻŭğƷĻ aĻƒĬƩğƓĻ Λ!w!aΜ͵ !ķķźƷźƚƓğƌƌǤͲ /ƚƌķ LƓΏtƌğĭĻ
bƚźƭĻ Ћ͵Њ bƚ t! ЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
wĻĭǤĭƌźƓŭ Λ/LwΜ ğƓķ Cǒƌƌ 5ĻƦƷŷ wĻĭƌğƒğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ /ĻƒĻƓƷ Λ/.Μ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩĻķ ƚƓ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
wƚğķǞğǤ ķĻƭźŭƓğƷźƚƓƭ͵ tĻƩźƚķźĭğƌƌǤ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƒğƆƚƩ ƩƚğķǞğǤƭ ğƓķ ķĻƭźŭƓğƷĻķ ƷƩǒĭƉ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƓŭ ƷƩǒĭƉ ƩƚǒƷĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷƩǒĭƉ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ
ƩƚǒƷĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷƩǒĭƉ ƷƩğŅŅźĭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ğƓķ ƓĻğƩ ƭĭŷƚƚƌƭ͵
bƚźƭĻ Ћ͵Ќ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ğƓķ ƓĻğƩ ƭĭŷƚƚƌƭ͵
wğźƌ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ǞƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ Ʃğźƌ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƩğƷƚƩƭ Ʒƚ ƒğƓğŭĻ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ǞƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ Ʃğźƌ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƩğƷƚƩƭ Ʒƚ ƒğƓğŭĻ
ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƨǒźĻƷ ǩƚƓĻƭͲ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƩğźƌƩƚğķ ƷƩğĭƉƭͲ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩ
bƚźƭĻ Ћ͵Ѝ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƨǒźĻƷ ǩƚƓĻƭͲ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƩğźƌƩƚğķ ƷƩğĭƉƭͲ ğƓķ
ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ͵
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ͵
{źƷĻ ķĻƭźŭƓ ğƓķ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭͲ ƷĻƩƒźƓğƌƭͲ ğƓķ ŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ķźƭĭƩĻƷźƚƓğƩǤ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭͲ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭ
ƌƚğķźƓŭ ķƚĭƉƭ ƚŅ ƓƚźƭĻΏŭĻƓĻƩğƷźƓŭ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻƭ ĬĻ ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƒźƓźƒźǩĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ğƓķ ƌƚğķźƓŭ ķƚĭƉƭ ğƩĻ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻķ ğƓķ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ ƷŷğƷ
ƓƚźƭĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ ƚŅ ǝĻŷźĭƌĻƭ ƚƓΏƭźƷĻ ğƓķ ƚƓ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻƭ͵ 9ƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ğƓķΉƚƩ ƒźƓźƒźǩĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƓƚźƭĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
bƚźƭĻ Ћ͵Ў bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭźĭğƌ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ Ʒƚ ğĭĭĻƦƷğĬƌĻ ƌĻǝĻƌƭ͵
aźƷźŭğƷĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ /5! ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƓŭ źƓ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓΏƩĻƌğƷĻķ
ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ğƓķ ĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ
ƓƚźƭĻ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻƭ͵ wĻğĭŷ ƚǒƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷƚƭĻ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ͵
ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƓƚźƭĻ ƦƩĻǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ͵
bƚźƭĻ Ћ͵Џ bƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
!ƭƭźƭƷ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĻƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻͲ
ĻǣƦĻķźƷĻķ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻƭ͵ LŅ ƷŷĻ ƓƚźƭĻ źƒƦğĭƷ ĭğƓƓƚƷ ĬĻ ƒźƷźŭğƷĻķͲ
ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƭźƷĻ ƭĻƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ŷĻƌƦ ĬǒƭźƓĻƭƭĻƭ ƩĻƌƚĭğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƚƷŷĻƩ ğƩĻğƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ĭźƷǤ͵
bǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ͵ wĻǝźĻǞ ğƌƌ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ǒƭĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭͲ ŅƚƩ wĻǝźĻǞĻķ ğƌƌ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ǒƭĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭͲ ŅƚƩ
ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƓƚźƭĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
ƷźƌźǩĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƓƚźƭĻ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻƭ ğƓķ ğƓƷźƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƭƷğƷǒƷĻƭ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƓƚźƭĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
ƷźƌźǩĻķ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƓƚźƭĻ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻƭ ğƓķ
bƚźƭĻ Ћ͵Б bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƚĭĭǒƩƩĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ ǝźƚƌğƷźƚƓƭ͵ ğƓƷźƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƭƷğƷǒƷĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƚĭĭǒƩƩĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ
ǝźƚƌğƷźƚƓƭ͵
!źƩĭƩğŅƷ ğƌƷźƷǒķĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ǞƚƩƉźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ CĻķĻƩğƌ !ǝźğƷźƚƓ wĻǝźĻǞĻķ ğƌƌ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ǒƭĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷƭͲ ŅƚƩ
!ķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ğƌƷźƷǒķĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ ğźƩĭƩğŅƷ ŅƌǤźƓŭ ƚǝĻƩ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƓƚźƭĻ źƒƦğĭƷƭ͵
ƷźƌźǩĻķ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƓƚźƭĻ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻƭ ğƓķ
bƚźƭĻ Ќ͵Њ bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚƓŭĻƭƷĻķ ğƩĻğƭͲ ƷğƉźƓŭ źƓƷƚ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ͵ ğƓƷźƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƭƷğƷǒƷĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƚĭĭǒƩƩĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƓƚźƭĻ
ǝźƚƌğƷźƚƓƭ͵
IĻƌźĭƚƦƷĻƩ ƓƚźƭĻ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ĭƚƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ CźƩĻ 5ĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ aĻƷƩƚƦƚƌźƷğƓ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƚƚƦĻƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ CźƩĻ 5ĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ aĻƷƩƚƦƚƌźƷğƓ ğƷĻƩ
ğƷĻƩ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Ʒƚ ƒźƓźƒźǩĻ ƓƚźƭĻ ĭƚƓŅƌźĭƷƭ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ŷĻƌźĭƚƦƷĻƩ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ͵ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Ʒƚ ƒźƓźƒźǩĻ ƓƚźƭĻ ĭƚƓŅƌźĭƷƭ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ŷĻƌźĭƚƦƷĻƩ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ͵
bƚźƭĻ Ќ͵Ћ bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
\[ƚĭğƌ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ͵ ƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ !źƩƦƚƩƷ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ǞƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ !źƩƦƚƩƷ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ
bƚźƭĻ Ќ͵Ќ bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƌƚĭğƌ ƓƚźƭĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭ ğƩĻ ƦƩƚğĭƷźǝĻƌǤ ğķķƩĻƭƭĻķ͵ ƌƚĭğƌ ƓƚźƭĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƩƓƭ ğƩĻ ƦƩƚğĭƷźǝĻƌǤ ğķķƩĻƭƭĻķ͵
tğƩƉ ƓĻĻķƭ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ͵ /ƩĻğƷĻͲ ğķƚƦƷͲ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğ ƦğƩƉ
ŷĻ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŅƚƩǒƒ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ Ʒƚ
ƓĻĻķƭ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓͲ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ źƓƦǒƷͲ ķĻŅźƓźƓŭ ƦğƩƉ
ķźƭĭǒƭƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ ğĭĭƚƩķźƓŭ Ʒƚ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭͲ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷźƓŭ ğ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ğƩĻğ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƦğƩƉ
ƌğƓķ͵ ! ƌğƓķ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ƒğƷƩźǣ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ Ʒƚ ƭĭƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ
ŅğĭźƌźƷǤͲ ĭƩĻğƷźƓŭ ğ Ʒƚƚƌ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƓĻĻķƭ ğƓķ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźǩĻ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ĬǤ ƨǒğķƩğƓƷ
ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ğĭƨǒźƩźƓŭ ƌğƓķ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ƦğƩƉ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵Њ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƚƩ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ŭĻƚŭƩğƦŷźĭ ƭǒĬğƩĻğͲ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓźƓŭ ğ ƌźƭƷ ƚŅ ƦƩźƚƩźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƦğƩƉ ƭƦğĭĻ ĻƷĭ͵
ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ ğƓķ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƓķ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ źƓ Ļğĭŷ
ƨǒğķƩğƓƷ ƚƩ ŭĻƚŭƩğƦŷźĭ ƭǒĬğƩĻğ Ʒƚ ğƷƷğźƓ ğ ƦğƩƉ ƌğƓķ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƚŅ ƷŷƩĻĻ ğĭƩĻƭ ƦĻƩ
ЊͲЉЉЉ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋЌ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
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LƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ CƚƩǒƒ͵ /ƚƓǝĻƓĻ ğƓ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ŅƚƩǒƒ Ʒƚ ƷğƉĻ ğ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻķ ğƦƦƩƚğĭŷ
ŷĻ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŅƚƩǒƒ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ Ʒƚ
Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƓǝĻƩƷźƓŭ /źƷǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķͲ ǞźƷŷ
ķźƭĭǒƭƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵Ћ Ļƭ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭƦĻĭźğƌ Ņƚĭǒƭ źƓ ƦğƩƉ ķĻŅźĭźĻƓƷ ğƓķ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ͵
ƌğƓķ͵ ! ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ Ǟğƭ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ŅƚƩ ƌğƓķ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ
źƓ ƷŷĻ ğƭŷźƓŭƷƚƓ {ƨǒğƩĻ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ͵
!ƓƓǒğƌ hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ {ǒƒƒźƷ͵ /ƚƓǝĻƓĻ ğƓ ğƓƓǒğƌ ŅƚƩǒƒ Ʒƚ ĬƩźƓŭ ƷƚŭĻƷŷĻƩ /źƷǤ
/ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓķ hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ {ǒƒƒźƷ ǞźƷŷ ƭƷğŅŅ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭ ŅƩƚƒ /ahͲ
źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƭƷğŅŅͲ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƌĻğķĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ĻƓƷĻƩƦƩźƭĻ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ŭƚğƌƭ ŅƚƩ
t!Ͳ tw/{!Ͳ /5!Ͳ t.!Ͳ ğƓķ CźƓğƓĭĻ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵Ќ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЌ ε hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦğƩƉ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ğ ƭƷğƷǒƭ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ ƚŅ ƒĻƷƩźĭƭ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƦƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ͵
bƚΏƓĻƷΏƌƚƭƭ ƚŅ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ aǒƓźĭźƦğƌ /ƚķĻ ƷŷğƷ
/ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓķ hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ {ǒƒƒźƷ ǞźƷŷ ƭƷğŅŅ ƒĻƒĬĻƩƭ ŅƩƚƒ /ahͲ
ƦƩĻǝĻƓƷ ğ ƓĻƷ ƌƚƭƭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķ źƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ğƷ ƌĻğƭƷ ğ ЊʹЊ
t!Ͳ tw/{!Ͳ /5!Ͳ t.!Ͳ ğƓķ CźƓğƓĭĻ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵Ѝ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ źŅ ƷŷĻƩĻ źƭ ğƓǤ ƌƚƭƭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķ ƚƩ /źƷǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ
ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ͵
tğƩƉ hƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ CǒƓķ͵ LƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ DĻƓĻƩğƌ CǒƓķƭͲ ĭğƓƓğĬźƭ ƩĻǝĻƓǒĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƦƩźǝğƷĻ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƚƓƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ĭƩĻğƷźƓŭ ğƓ ĻƓƷĻƩƦƩźƭĻ ŅǒƓķ ğƓķ
ķƚƓğƷźƚƓƭ źƓƷƚ ğƓ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷĻķ tğƩƉ hƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷǤ CǒƓķ Ʒƚ ƌĻǝĻƩğŭĻ ŅƚƩ ƒğƷĭŷźƓŭ
ƌĻǝĻƩğŭźƓŭ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƦğƩƉ źƓΏƌźĻǒ ğƓķ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ŅĻĻƭ Ʒƚ ğƭƭźƭƷ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵Ў bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŭƩğƓƷƭ ğƓķ ŷğǝĻ ƒƚƓźĻƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ǞŷĻƓ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ğƩźƭĻ ŅƚƩ ƓĻǞ ƦğƩƉ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ͵
tw/{!Ήt! źƓ ğĭƨǒźƩźƓŭ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ
tǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ wĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ
ŷĻ tǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩƉƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Λt!Μ ŷğƭ ƩĻƷğźƓĻķ ğ ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷğƓƷ Ʒƚ
5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ CĻĻ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ ƌğƩŭĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƚŅ
ƦƩĻƦğƩĻ ğ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ LƒƦğĭƷ CĻĻ {ƷǒķǤ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ğŭĻƓĭǤͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ЊЉЉ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ǒƓźƷƭ ƚƩ ƒƚƩĻͲ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƌźƒźƷƭ ğƓķ ğ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵А Ļƭ t.!Ήtw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩƩĻƓƷ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ
ЊЉΏƒźƓǒƷĻ ǞğƌƉźƓŭ ķźƭƷğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǞ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ŅĻĻƭ͵ ŷĻ ğƓƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷźƚƓ ķğƷĻ źƭ ЋЉЋЏ͵
tğƩƉ CƚǒƓķğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ЎЉЊΛĭΜΛЌΜ tğƩƉƭ ğƓķ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ CƚǒƓķğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ
/źƷǤ {ƷğŅŅ źƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒźƓŭ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭǤ Ʒƚ ŷźƩĻ ğ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩ Ʒƚ
ŅǒƓķƩğźƭźƓŭ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ŅƚƩ {ğƓƷğ ƦğƩƉ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚƷƚĭƚƌƭͲ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵Б bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЌ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķƩğǞ ǒƦ ƷŷĻ ƦğƦĻƩ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ЎЉЊ Λĭ Μ ΛЌΜ tğƩƉƭ CƚǒƓķğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ
ƩƚƌĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƭƦƚƓƭźĬźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ĬǤƌğǞƭ͵
ğƓķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ tw/{!
wźŭŷƷΏƚŅΏǞğǤ ǒƭĻ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭͲ ƩğźƌƩƚğķƭͲ ğƓķ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ
YźƓŭ {ƷƩĻĻƷ Ǟğƭ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ źƓƷƚ \[ğ !ƩƷźƭƷğΏ!ƩƷĻƭźğΏtźƌğƩ tğƩƉͳ ƷŷĻ
ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ğĭƨǒźƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƩźŭŷƷƭΏƚŅΏǞğǤ ŅƚƩ ƩĻƭƷƩźĭƷĻķ ǒƭĻ ĬǤ
ğƌƓǒƷ
ƩĬğƓ DƩĻĻƓźƓŭ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ źƭ ƌƚƚƉźƓŭ źƓƷƚ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷźǝĻ ƭƚƌǒƷźƚƓƭ
ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ͵
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵В bƚ tw/{!Ήt! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷŷğƷ Ǟźƌƌ ƓƚƷ źƒƦğĭƷ ƩźŭŷƷΏƚŅΏǞğǤ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ CźƩĻ
!ǒƷŷƚƩźƷǤ Λh/C!Μͳ ЊЉƷŷ ğƓķ CƌƚǞĻƩ tğƩƉ źƭ ŅǒƌƌǤ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ğƓķ Ǟźƌƌ
ĬƩĻğƉ ŭƩƚǒƓķ źƓ {ƦƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЏ͵
bĻǞ ƦğƩƉƌğƓķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźǝĻ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ
ŷĻ źƓƷĻƩğŭĻƓĭǤ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ŅƚƩǒƒ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ ƒƚƓƷŷƌǤ Ʒƚ
ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ƚƓ ƦƩźǝğƷĻƌǤΏƚǞƓĻķ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ źƓ ƦğƩƉ
ķźƭĭǒƭƭ ğƓķ ĻǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ
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ƭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ tğƩƉ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ ğƭ ŭǒźķğƓĭĻͲ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ źƭ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤ ƌƚƚƉźƓŭ ğƷ ƚƷŷĻƩ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ
źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğƓķ ğĭƨǒźƩĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ǒƭĻ Ǟŷźĭŷ Ǟźƌƌ
ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ ƚŅ C ЋЉЋЍΏЋЎ ğĭƨǒźƭźƷźƚƓƭ͵ ŷźƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ
Ņƚĭǒƭ ƚƓ ĬƩźƓŭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƉ ğƓķ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ Ʒƚ ƷŷƩĻĻ ğĭƩĻƭ ƚŅ ƌğƓķ ƦĻƩ ЊͲЉЉЉ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Њ͵ЊЏ Ļƭ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ ƌƚƚƉźƓŭ ğƷ ƩĻƒƓğƓƷ ƦğƩĭĻƌƭ ƩĻƭǒƌƷźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ǞźķĻƓźƓŭͲ /źƷǤ
ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷ ğ ƦƌğƓ Ʒƚ ƉĻĻƦ ƦğĭĻ ǞźƷŷ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ǒƩĬğƓ ŭƩƚǞƷŷ͵
ƚǞƓĻķ ǝğĭğƓƷ ƦğƩĭĻƌƭͲ ƭƷƩĻĻƷ ĭƌƚƭǒƩĻƭ ğƓķ ƌğƓķ ƭǞğƦƭ͵
9ƓŷğƓĭĻķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ ƌźŭŷƷźƓŭͲ ĭğƒĻƩğƭͲ ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ
LƷ źƭ ƓƚǞ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ Ʒƚ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ ĭğƒĻƩğƭ ƚƓ ğƌƌ ƓĻǞ
ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ ƷŷğƷ Ǟƚǒƌķ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƚƩ ƦĻƩĭĻźǝĻķ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƚŅ ƦğƩƉƭͲ ƷƩğźƌƭͲ ğƓķ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Λź͵Ļ͵ aĻƒƚƩźğƌ tğƩƉ !ƨǒğƷźĭƭ CğĭźƌźƷǤͲ DĻƩğƩķƚ
ƚƷŷĻƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭƦğĭĻƭͳ ƭĻĻƉ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ
aƚǒĻƷ tğƩƉͲ {ğƌǝğķƚƩ vǒźƓƷğƓğ tğƩƉ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ {Ʒğķźǒƒ͵
ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ źƓƷƚ ƷŷĻ /ğƦźƷğƌ LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ Ļğĭŷ ǤĻğƩ͵
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵Ћ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
tğƩƉ {ƦƚƩƷƭ ğƓķ ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ ƌźŭŷƷźƓŭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ğƓ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻ ƚŅ
tw/{! ğķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ źƓ ğƌƌ ƓĻǞ ğƓķ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƦğƩƉ ƭƦğĭĻƭ ǞźƷŷ
ğķķźƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ !ƓŭĻƌƭ tğƩƉͲ 5Ļƌŷź tğƩƉ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /ĻƓƷĻƓƓźğƌ tğƩƉ {ƉğƷĻ
tğƩƉ͵
tğƩƉ tğƷƩƚƌ͵ tƩƚǝźķĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒƚǒƭ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƓķ ƌƚƚƉ ğƷ
ŷƚƩƓƷƚƓ tğƩƉ IƚƭƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ĻǣƷĻƓķĻķ Ʒƚ 5ĻĭĻƒĬĻƩ
ǞğǤƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓͳ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩ ŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ǞğƷĭŷ ŭƩƚǒƦͲ
ЋЉЋЏͳ \[ǤƚƓƭ {ĻĭǒƩźƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦğƷƩƚƌ ƦğƩƉƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤͲ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵Ќ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦğƩƉ ŷƚƭƷͲ ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭźƒźƌğƩ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
{!t5 źƭ ğƷƷĻƓķźƓŭ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ !ƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ Ʒƚ
ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ƷŷĻ ŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ bĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ğƷĭŷ ŭƩƚǒƦƭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ƓƚƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ͵ tƩźƚƩ Ʒƚ ƷƩĻğƷźƓŭ ğƩĻğƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ ǞźƷŷ ƦĻƭƷźĭźķĻƭ ƚƩ ŷĻƩĬźĭźķĻƭͲ
źƓŅƚƩƒ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ ƦƚƭƷĻķ źƓ źƒƦğĭƷĻķ ğƩĻğƭͲ ķźƩĻĭƷ ƒğźƌĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ
tǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩƉƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻ Ʒƚ ƦƚƭƷ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƓƚƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓƭ͵ /ƩĻğƷźƚƓ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵Ѝ bƚ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƚŅ ƭźƷĻ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƭźŭƓğŭĻ ƷŷğƷ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ƦƚƭƷĻķ źƓ źƒƦğĭƷĻķ ğƩĻğƭ͵
ƭƚĭźğƌ ƒĻķźğ ƦƌğƷŅƚƩƒƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻķ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƚƓƌǤ ƚƩŭğƓźĭ
ƦĻƭƷźĭźķĻƭ ğƓķ ŷĻƩĬźĭźķĻƭ ĬĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ƦğƩƉ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋЎ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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IĻğƌƷŷǤ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭ͵ !ƭ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƩĻ ǒƦŭƩğķĻķͲ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭ ƷŷğƷ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƷŷĻ
!ƨǒğƷźĭƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ķĻƌźǝĻƩĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ źƓ {ǒƒƒĻƩ
ŷĻğƌƷŷ ğƓķ ǞĻƌƌƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ŷǤķƩğƷźƚƓ ƭƷğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƭŷğķźƓŭ ķĻǝźĭĻƭ͵
ЋЉЋЎ ǞźƷŷ ƚǝĻƩ ЍͲЊЉЉ \[ĻğƩƓΏƷƚΏ{Ǟźƒ ƌĻƭƭƚƓƭ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ͵ 9ǣƦğƓķĻķ
!ƨǒğƷźĭƭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ ŅƚƩ {ƦƩźƓŭ ЋЉЋЏ͵ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
DğƩķĻƓƭ ŷğǝĻ ĻǣƦğƓķĻķ ŷƚǒƩƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ǞźƷŷ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵Ў bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЊ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
źƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ğƌƉźƓŭΉIźƉźƓŭ ŭƩƚǒƦƭͲ ğƭ ǞĻƌƌ
ğƭͲ /ƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ŅźƷƓĻƭƭ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ķĻƌźǝĻƩĻķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ IĻğƌƷŷ ε
ĻƌƌƓĻƭƭ {ĻĭƷźƚƓ͵
ƓĻǞĻƭƷ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ƦğƩƉ ΛDĻƩğƩķƚ aƚǒĻƷΜ͵
IĻğƌƷŷǤ źƓķƚƚƩ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝźǩĻ ƚƩ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓ ƚŅ
9ǣƦğƓķĻķ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ĭĻƓƷĻƩ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ ğƷ WĻƩƚƒĻ ğƓķ
źƓķƚƚƩ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ƭƦğĭĻͲ ƦğƩƷźĭǒƌğƩƌǤ źƓ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ğƩĻğƭ ƷŷğƷ ĻǣƦĻƩźĻƓĭĻ
{ğƌŭğķƚ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ /ĻƓƷĻƩƭ͵ !ķǒƌƷ aĻƓγƭ ε ƚƒĻƓγƭ .ğƭƉĻƷĬğƌƌͲ
ŷźŭŷ ƌĻǝĻƌƭ ƚŅ ĻǣƦƚƭǒƩĻ Ʒƚ ğźƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ͵
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵Џ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
\[ğƷźƓ ǒƒĬğ CźƷƓĻƭƭ ĭƌğƭƭĻƭͲ DǤƒƓğƭƷźĭƭͲ .ƚķǤǞƚƩƉ CźƷƓĻƭƭͲ .ƚķǤ źƓ
aƚǝĻƒĻƓƷͲ tźĭƉƌĻĬğƌƌͲ 5ƩƚƦΏźƓ .ğƭƉĻƷĬğƌƌ ğƓķ 5ƩƚƦΏźƓ ƚƌƌĻǤĬğƌƌ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ źƓƦǒƷ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ƦƩƚĭĻķǒƩĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ źƓƦǒƷ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ ƦğƩƉ
/źƷǤ ƭƷğŅŅ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩƌǤ ğƷƷĻƓķ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷźƚƓ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭͲ ŷƚƭƷ
ķĻƭźŭƓ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ğƷ ƷŷĻ ĬĻŭźƓƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦƌğƓƓźƓŭ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ǞŷĻƓĻǝĻƩ ğ ƓĻǞ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷ ğƓķ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ğƓķ
ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ źƭ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ƚƩ ǞŷĻƓ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ğƓ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ źƭ ǒƓķĻƩ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭͲ ğƭ ǞĻƌƌ ğƭͲ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷźƓŭ ĭƩƚǞķ ƭƚǒƩĭźƓŭ
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ͵
ĭğƒƦğźŭƓƭ ǝźğ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌĻ ķźŭźƷğƌ ƦƌğƷŅƚƩƒƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ
ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ͵ ŷĻ tw{/! ŷğƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷĻ źƓ 9ƓŭƌźƭŷͲ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵Б bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
{ƦğƓźƭŷ ğƓķ źĻƷƓğƒĻƭĻ źƓ ğƌƌ ƒğƩƉĻƷźƓŭ ĭƚƌƌğƷĻƩğƌͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ {ƚĭźğƌ
aĻķźğ ƦƌğƷŅƚƩƒƭ͵ ŷĻ /ǒƌƷǒƩğ ƦǒĬƌźĭğƷźƚƓ źƭ ķĻƌźǝĻƩĻķ źƓ ĬƚƷŷ
9Ɠŭƌźƭŷ ğƓķ {ƦğƓźƭŷ ǝĻƩƭźƚƓƭ ķźŭźƷğƌƌǤ͵ tw/{! źƭ ƭƦĻğƩŷĻğķźƓŭ ƷŷĻ
ĻŅŅƚƩƷƭ Ʒƚ ƭĻĭǒƩĻ ğ ƷŷźƩķΏƦğƩƷǤ ǝĻƓķƚƩ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ǝźğ ğƌƌ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓƭ /źƷǤǞźķĻ͵
IƚǒƩƭ ƚŅ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ŷƚǒƩƭ ƚŅ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉƭͲ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ĭĻƓƷĻƩƭͲ ğƓķ
tğƩƉ IƚǒƩƭ ƚŅ hƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķźǩĻķ ŅƚƩ ğƌƌ ƦğƩƉ
ƚƷŷĻƩ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ /ƚƓƭźķĻƩ ƷŷĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĻǣƷĻƓķ ŷƚǒƩƭ ƚŅ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵В bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ Џğ ǒƓƷźƌ ЊЉƦ͵
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƓĻĻķƭ͵
9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƓƷ
!ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ tğƩƉƭ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ wƚğķƭŷƚǞͲ /źƷǤ {ƷğŅŅ Ǟźƌƌ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƚƦźƓźƚƓ ƭǒƩǝĻǤƭ ƚƓ ğ ƦĻƩźƚķźĭ Ĭğƭźƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ
źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ĬƚƷŷ ŷğƩķ ĭƚƦǤ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ķźŭźƷğƌ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƚƓ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵ЊЉ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƓĻĻķĻķ ğƓķ ķĻƭźƩĻķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ͵
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻ ŅĻĻķĬğĭƉ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƚƓ ǞŷğƷ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭͲ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ƷŷĻǤ ǞğƓƷ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ͵
tƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ ŅĻĻƭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ ƩĻƓƷğƌ ŅĻĻƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ
tw/{! ƩƚǒƷźƓĻƌǤ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷƭ ğ ŅĻĻ ƭǒƩǝĻǤ Ʒƚ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ǞŷğƷ ƦƩźĭĻ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒźƓŭ źƭ ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻͲ ğƓķ ŅĻĻƭ ğƩĻ ĻƨǒźƷğĬƌĻ ğƓķ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ͵
ƦƚźƓƷ ğƩĻ ĻǣĭĻĻķźƓŭͲ ğƩĻ ğƷ ƚƩ ğƩĻ ǒƓķĻƩ ƒğƩƉĻƷ ǝğƌǒĻ ŅƚƩ ƭźƒźƌğƩ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ћ͵ЊЊ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ ĬǤ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩźƓŭ ğƓķ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌźƷźĻƭ͵
.ğƭĻķ ƚƓ ĭƚƭƷ ƩĻĭƚǝĻƩǤ ŅźŭǒƩĻƭ źƓ C ЋЍΏЋЎ tw/{!γƭ /ƚƭƷ wĻĭƚǝĻƩǤ źƭ
ƩƚǒŭŷƌǤ ЋЍі͵
tğƩƉ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ğƓķ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƷŷĻ ŅǒƓķźƓŭͲ ƭƷğŅŅźƓŭ
9ǣĻĭǒƷźǝĻ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƩĻƭĭźƓķĻķ ƒƚƩğƷƚƩźǒƒ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ĭĻƌƌ ƦŷƚƓĻ
ğƓķ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƦƩĻǝĻƓƷğƷźǝĻ ğƓķ ƩƚǒƷźƓĻ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ
ƷƚǞĻƩƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƚĬƆĻĭƷźǝĻ Ʒƚ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƩĻǝĻƓǒĻ͵ /Ļƌƌ ƷƚǞĻƩ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ќ͵Њ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƭźƷĻƭ ğƭ ǞĻƌƌ ğƭ ƦƌğƓƓĻķ ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵
ŅĻĻƭ ğƩĻ ķĻķźĭğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ğƓķ ķĻŅĻƩƩĻķ ƦğƩƉ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ͵
5ĻŅĻƩƩĻķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ͵ !ƭƭĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭͲ źķĻƓƷźŅǤźƓŭ
ƭźƓŭ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ ğƭƭĻƭƭƒĻƓƷƭ ķƚƓĻ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ tğƩƉ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ
ķĻŅźĭźĻƓĭźĻƭͲ ƩĻƦğźƩƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƓĻĻķĻķͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ĭƚƭƷ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻƭ͵ LƓĭƌǒķĻ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ tğƩƉ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ķĻŅĻƩƩĻķ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ќ͵Ћ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ /ğƦźƷğƌ LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ͵
ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ źƓ ƦğƩƉ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ aǤ{ğƓƷğ!Ɠğ aƚĬźƌĻ !ƦƦ
ƚƩƉ hƩķĻƩ {ǤƭƷĻƒ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋЏ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
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!ƭƭĻƷ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ͵ CƚƩĻĭğƭƷ ğƓķ ƷƩğĭƉ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ ƌźŅĻĭǤĭƌĻ Ʒƚ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ ķźƭĭǒƭƭźƚƓ źƭ ƷğƉźƓŭ ƦƌğĭĻ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƌźŅĻ ĭǤĭƌĻ ƚŅ ğƌƌ
ƓĻĻķƭ ŅƚƩ ƦğƩƉ ğƓķ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ ƩĻƓƚǝğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ͵
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ќ͵Ќ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
tw/{!Ήt! ğƭƭĻƷƭ Ʒƚ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ĬƚƷŷ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ğƓķ ķĻŅĻƩƩĻķ
ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƷźƒĻƌźƓĻƭ͵
DƩĻĻƓ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ͵ LķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğƓķ ğƦƦƌǤ ŅǒƓķƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ ŭƩĻĻƓ ķĻƭźŭƓͲ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ǞğƷĻƩǞźƭĻ ƦƌğƓƷźƓŭͲ
ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ źƓƷĻŭƩğƷźƓŭ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓźƓŭ ƓğƷźǝĻ ƦƌğƓƷƭͲ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƷƩĻĻƭͲ
ķƩźƦ źƩƩźŭğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ĭğƦƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ͵ ŷĻ /źƷǤ źƭ
ĬźƚƭǞğƌĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ğƓķ ŭƩĻĻƓ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ źƓƷƚ ƷğƩŭĻƷĻķ ƭźƷĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ
źƓǝĻƭƷźƓŭ υЋВ ƒźƌƌźƚƓ ķƚƌƌğƩƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǞ aĻƒƚƩźğƌ tğƩƉ !ƨǒğƷźĭƭ
ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬźƌźƷǤͲ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ ǞğƷĻƩ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ĭƚƭƷƭͲ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓͲ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ќ͵Ѝ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
/ĻƓƷĻƩ Λat!/Μ Ǟŷźĭŷ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ŅǒƌƌǤ ƭƚƌğƩ ƦƚǞĻƩĻķ͵ at!/ źƭ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓΉźƓƷĻƩƦƩĻƷğƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƓğƷǒƩĻ
ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ źƓ Cğƌƌ ЋЉЋЏ͵ LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ tw/{!Ήt!
ğƩĻ ĻǣƦƌƚƩźƓŭ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƭŷğķĻ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭ ƚǝĻƩ ğƌƌ
ƦƌğǤŭƩƚǒƓķƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ͵
ƩĬğƓ CƚƩĻƭƷƩǤ tƌğƓ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƚƷŷĻƩ /źƷǤ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦͲ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ
tğƩƉ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻƉ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ ŷźƩĻ ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷğƓƷ Ʒƚ
ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ğ ĭźƷǤǞźķĻ ƷƩĻĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ğƓķ
ƩĬğƓ CƚƩĻƭƷƩǤ tƌğƓ ŅƚƩ
ƦƩĻƦğƩĻ ğƓ ǒƩĬğƓ ŅƚƩĻƭƷƩǤ ƦƌğƓ͵ tƌğƓ ƭŷğƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƦƚƌźĭǤ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷ
ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩƚǝźķĻƭ ğźƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓͲ ƒźĭƩƚĭƌźƒğƷĻ
hƦĻƓ {ƦğĭĻ Ќ͵Ў bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ ε ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƷƩĻĻƭͲ ƭźƓĭĻ ğŭğźƓ ƷŷĻ ƌźĬƩğƩǤ źƭ ĭǒƷƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻƒ ğƌƌ ķƚǞƓ͵
ƒƚķźŅźĭğƷźƚƓͲ ƓƚźƭĻ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ ƚŅŅĻƩƭ ğƓ ğƩĻğ ƚŅ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓͲ ƩĻƭƷͲ ğƓķ ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓ͵
9ƨǒźƷǤ ğǒķźƷ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓ ğǒķźƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒźƷğĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ǞŷĻƩĻ ğƓķ ŷƚǞ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ
tw/{! ğƓķ t! źƭ źƓ ǤĻğƩ ƷǞƚ ƚŅ ğ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷ ǞźƷŷ tƌğĭĻƩ !L Ǟŷƚ Ǟźƌƌ
ğƓķ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ğƩĻ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤͳ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğƓķ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓ ğĭƷźƚƓ
ğƭƭźƭƷ źƓ ĻǝğƌǒğƷźƓŭ ŷƚǞ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ǒƷźƌźǩĻƭ ƚƦĻƓ
ƦƌğƓ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒźƷğĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ
ƭƦğĭĻ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƦğƭƭźǝĻ ğƓķ ğĭƷźǝĻ ğĭƷźǝğƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Њ͵Њ bƚ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ŅźƓķźƓŭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ğǒķźƷ͵
.ğƭĻķ ƚƓ ķğƷğ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ ĬƚƷŷ t! ğƓķ tw/{! ŷğǝĻ ƷŷĻ ķğƷğ Ʒƚ
ƚƦƷźƒźǩĻ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ķĻĭźƭźƚƓƭ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ĬƚƷŷ ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ
ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭΏƦƩźǝğƷĻ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ Ʒƚ ǒƦŭƩğķĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ
tw/{! ŷğƭ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷĻķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌĻ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ ǞźƷŷ ƦƩźǝğƷĻͲ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƦǒĬƌźĭΏƦƩźǝğƷĻ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭ͵
ğƓķ /.hγƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ğƓķ ĬĻǤƚƓķ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭͲ
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğƓķ ĻǝĻƓƷƭ͵ /ǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤͲ tw/{! ŷğƭ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Њ͵Ў bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğŭƩĻĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƷŷĻ !ƓğŷĻźƒ 5ǒĭƉƭͲ ƷŷĻ \[! /ƌźƦƦĻƩƭͲ !!{/{/Ͳ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ
YźƓƭŷźƦͲ {/!bͲ wƚĬźƓƭƚƓ tŷğƩƒğͲ wğźƭźƓŭ /ğƓĻƭͲ źƓCğƭƷͲ YğĬƚƚƒͲ
tğĭźŅźĭ \[źŅĻ CƚǒƓķğƷźƚƓͲ CźƩƭƷ CźƓğƓĭźğƌ wĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƚƌƉƭǞğŭĻƓ͵
/ğƦźƷğƌ LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ͵ /ƚƓķǒĭƷ ğƓƓǒğƌ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ğƓķ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /ğƦźƷğƌ
{ǒĭĭĻƭƭŅǒƌƌǤ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦĻķ ğ υЎБ ƒźƌƌźƚƓ ķƚƌƌğƩ C ЋЎΏЋЏ /ğƦźƷğƌ
LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ğķĻƨǒğƷĻ ğƓķ ƷźƒĻƌǤ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ ƷŷğƷ Ǟğƭ ğķƚƦƷĻķͲ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷĻķͲ ğƓķ
ğƓķ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌ ǒƷźƌźƷǤ ƦƩƚǝźƭźƚƓƭ͵
ğƒĻƓķĻķ Ʒƚ ğķķ ƚǝĻƩ υЌБ ƒźƌƌźƚƓ źƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Њ͵Џ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķǒƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩ ƩĻƒğźƓźƓŭ͵ /Lt tƩƚƆĻĭƷ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻ źƭ ƩĻƦƚƩƷĻķ ƚƓ
ƨǒğƩƷĻƩƌǤ Ĭğƭźƭ ğƓķ ƦƚƭƷĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻ ŅƚƩ ƭƷğƷǒƭ͵ ! /Lt
ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƒğƦ ƚŅ ğĭƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƭ ğƌƭƚ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ƚƓ ğ ǞĻĻƉƌǤ
Ĭğƭźƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻ͵
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ƩĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ
ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ ǒƦķğƷĻƭ͵ {ƷƚƩƒ ķƩğźƓ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷźƓ
LƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓƭ͵ tĻƩŅƚƩƒ ƦĻƩźƚķźĭ ΛğƦƦƩƚǣźƒğƷĻƌǤ ĻǝĻƩǤ ЊЉ ǤĻğƩƭΜ
ƷŷĻ ƌğƭƷ ЊЉ ǤĻğƩƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ğƩĻğƭ ğƓķ ƭĻĻƉ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƚƩ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ͵ ŷĻ
ǞğƷĻƩΉƭĻǞĻƩ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ƭƷǒķźĻƭ ğƓķ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ķĻŅźĭźĻƓĭźĻƭ ğƓķ ķĻŅĻƩƩĻķ
tğǝĻƒĻƓƷ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ {ǤƭƷĻƒ Λta{Μ źƭ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ƚƓ ğ ĬźΏğƓƓǒğƌ Ĭğƭźƭ ğƓķ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻƭ
ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤγƭ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ĭƚƭƷ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻƭͳ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Њ͵А bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷŷĻ ƦğǝĻƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğƌƌ ƩƚğķǞğǤƭ ğƓķ ğƌƌĻǤƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ͵ LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ
ƓĻǣǒƭ ĭğƌĭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷγƭ ŅğźƩ ƭŷğƩĻ ĭƚƭƷ Ʒƚ ǒƦŭƩğķĻ
ƦƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ Ǟğƭ ƒğķĻ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ wƚǒƭƭĻƌƌĻ {ƷƩĻĻƷ Cƌƚƚķ tƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ źƭ ƌźƭƷĻķ źƓ
źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭ
ƷŷĻ ЋЉЊБ {ƷƚƩƒ 5ƩğźƓ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ ğƭ ƚƓĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƚƦ ЊЉ wĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķĻķ /ğƦźƷğƌ
LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ğƌƭƚ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ƷŷĻ {ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ͵
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ƚŅ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƩĻğŅŅźƩƒĻķ źƷƭ ĭƚƒƒźƷƒĻƓƷ Ʒƚ {ğƓĭƷǒğƩǤ /źƷǤ ƭƷğƷǒƭ
{ğƓĭƷǒğƩǤ /źƷǤ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƷŷĻ {ğƓĭƷǒğƩǤ /źƷǤ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ ƦĻƩźƚķźĭğƌƌǤ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƷŷğƷ
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ğ wĻƭƚƌǒƷźƚƓ źƓ ЋЉЋЎ͵ ŷƩƚǒŭŷ źƷƭ ĭƚƒƒźƷƒĻƓƷͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ
ĭźƷǤ ƌğǞ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷƭ ǒƓķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷĻķ ƦĻƩƭƚƓƭ ŅƩƚƒ ķĻƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓͲ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ћ͵ЊЊ bƚ /ah hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷĻķ ƷŷĻ !Ǥǒķğ {źƓ CƩƚƓƷĻƩğƭ ŅźƓğƓĭźğƌ ğƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ğƓķ
ŷğƩğƭƭƒĻƓƷͲ ƚƩ ŷğƩƒ͵
źƓĭƩĻğƭĻķ ƷŷĻ źƒƒźŭƩğƷźƚƓ ƌĻŭğƌ ķĻŅĻƓƭĻ ŅǒƓķ Ʒƚ υЌЉЉͲЉЉЉ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋА ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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/ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ {ğŅĻ {ĭŷƚƚƌƭ tƌğƓ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƌƚĭğƌ ƭĭŷƚƚƌ ķźƭƷƩźĭƷƭ ƚƓ ğƓ
ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ Ĭğƭźƭ Ʒƚ ğƭƭźƭƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ğƓķ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƚŅ ğ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ {ğŅĻ {ĭŷƚƚƌ
{ĭŷƚƚƌ tƌğƓ ğƭ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ĬĻĭƚƒĻƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ ğƓķ Ʒƚ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ћ͵В bƚ t! ЋЉЌЉ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
tƌğƓ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƭĭŷƚƚƌ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ǝĻƩźŅźĻķ źƓƭƷğƌƌğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ źƓŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ .atƭ
{ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ğƌƌ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ
ğƷ ƷǞĻƓƷǤΏƭźǣ ΛЋЏΜ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ
ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ĬĻƭƷ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ќ͵Њ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƚƷğƌźƓŭ АВ͵АЏΏğĭƩĻƭ ƚŅ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ ğƩĻğ͵
ŅƚƩ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ĭğƦƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ ƦĻƩ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌ bt59{ ΛbğƷźƚƓğƌ tƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ
5źƭĭŷğƩŭĻ 9ƌźƒźƓğƷźƚƓ {ǤƭƷĻƒΜ ƦĻƩƒźƷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ǝĻƩźŅźĻķ źƓƭƷğƌƌğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ źƓŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ .atƭ
ƩĬğƓ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭǒĬƭƷğƓƷźğƌ ƩĻƒƚķĻƌƭ Ʒƚ
ğƷ ƷǞĻƓƷǤΏƭźǣ ΛЋЏΜ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ
ƦƩĻƦğƩĻ ğƓķ ƭǒĬƒźƷ ğƓ ǒƩĬğƓ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ ƦƌğƓ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 9ƓŭźƓĻĻƩźƓŭ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ќ͵Ћ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷƚƷğƌźƓŭ АВ͵АЏΏğĭƩĻƭ ƚŅ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ ğƩĻğ͵
5źǝźƭźƚƓ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ .ĻƩƉĻƌĻǤ {ƦƩźƓŭƭ LƓƷĻƩƓğƷźƚƓğƌ ğƷĻƩ ğƭƷźƓŭ
ğƷĻƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ źƓ źƓƷĻƩƓğƷźƚƓğƌ ƷğƭƷĻ ĭƚƒƦĻƷźƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ŅƚƭƷĻƩ
/ƚƓƷĻƭƷ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /! b !! .ĻƭƷ ğƭƷźƓŭ ğƷĻƩ /ƚƒƦĻƷźƷźƚƓͲ ĬƚƷŷ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ŷźŭŷΏƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ǞğƷĻƩ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƦƩźķĻ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ќ͵А bƚ t! !ƓƓǒğƌƌǤ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ğƓķ ŅƚƭƷĻƩ ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ŷźŭŷΏ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ǞğƷĻƩ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ ƦƩźķĻ͵
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźƭŷ ƷŷĻ ğƓƓǒğƌ ǞğƷĻƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻ ğƓķ
ğƷĻƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźƭŷ ƷŷĻ ğƓƓǒğƌ ǞğƷĻƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ќ͵Б bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ ğķǝĻƩƷźƭĻ źƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
/źƷǤγƭ ǞĻĬƭźƷĻ ğƓķ ğķǝĻƩƷźƭĻ źƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩźƓŭ ǞğƷĻƩ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌĻ
9ƒĻƩŭĻƓĭǤ ǞğƷĻƩ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩźƓŭ ǞğƷĻƩ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌĻ
ĻƒĻƩŭĻƓĭǤ źƓƷĻƩĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƒǒƷǒğƌ ğźķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ
ĻƒĻƩŭĻƓĭǤ źƓƷĻƩĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƒǒƷǒğƌ ğźķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ
ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ {ĻƩǝźĭĻƭ Ќ͵В bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ͵
/ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ aĻƷƩƚƦƚƌźƷğƓ ğƷĻƩ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ ƚŅ {ƚǒƷŷĻƩƓ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ Ʒƚ ğƌƌƚǞ {ğƓƷğ
ğƷĻƩΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓƷ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻŭźƚƓğƌ ǞğƷĻƩ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭ Ʒƚ
!Ɠğ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ƩĻĬğƷĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭͲ
ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻĬğƷĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ źƓƭƷğƌƌğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ǞğƷĻƩΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓƷ
tǒĬƌźĭ{ĻƩǝźĭĻƭЌ͵ЊЉ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ƷƩğƓƭŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ǞğƷĻƩΏĻŅŅźĭźĻƓƷ ķĻǝźĭĻƭ͵
ŅźǣƷǒƩĻƭ ğƓķ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤͲ źƓ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦ ǞźƷŷ h//hDͲ źƓźƷźğƷĻķ ğ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ ğǒķźƷ
!ķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźǝĻ ƭƷƩĻğƒƌźƓźƓŭ͵ wĻƭĻğƩĭŷ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƭƷƩĻğƒƌźƓźƓŭ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƭƷƩĻğƒƌźƓźƓŭ
ğķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ƚƓƌźƓĻ͵ {ǒƩǝĻǤ ĭźƷǤ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩƭ Ʒƚ
tǒĬƌźĭ{ĻƩǝźĭĻƭЌ͵ЊЌ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЌ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ğƓķ źƒƦƩƚǝźƓŭ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ͵
źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƚƦƷźƒğƌ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ƒƚķĻƌƭ͵
ĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ ǒƦŭƩğķĻƭ͵ tƩĻƦğƩĻ ğ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻ ƚŅ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ ǒƦŭƩğķĻƭ ğƓķ ƓĻĭĻƭƭğƩǤ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ
ŷĻ tƌğƓƓźƓŭ ğƓķ .ǒźƌķźƓŭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ LƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ
Ʒƚ ĻǣƦğƓķ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƒğǣźƒźǩĻ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĻƭ ƚŅ ƭĭğƌĻ ğƓķ źƓƷĻƩΏķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷ ƭƚƌǒƷźƚƓƭ͵
5źǝźƭźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓŅźŭǒƩĻ ğ ƓĻǞ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźƓŭ ƭƚŅƷǞğƩĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵ LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ ƷŷĻ tƌğƓƓźƓŭ
ƦŭƩğķĻƭ ƭŷƚǒƌķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĬƚƷŷ ƦŷǤƭźĭğƌ ğƓķ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷźƓŭ
tǒĬƌźĭ{ĻƩǝźĭĻƭЌ͵ЊЍ bƚ t.!ΉCźƓğƓĭĻ ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋЍ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ğƓķ .ǒźƌķźƓŭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷĻķ ğƓ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƓźĭ ƦƌğƓ ĭŷĻĭƉźƓŭ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵
ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƓźĭ ƦƌğƓ ĭŷĻĭƉźƓŭͲ ƷŷĻ ķźŭźƷźǩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ /źƷǤ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤǞźķĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ
ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƓƌźƓĻ ğƦƦƚźƓƷƒĻƓƷ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌźƓŭ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵
!ŭĻƓķğ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ͵ /ƚƓƭźķĻƩ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻƒĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ğŭĻƓķğ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ
/źƷǤ ƭƷğŅŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ tƩźƒĻDƚǝΉDƩğƓźĭǒƭ ğŭĻƓķğ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ
Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ƩǒƓ ƭƒƚƚƷŷƌǤͲ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻ źƓƷĻƩƓğƌ ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤͲ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷ
ƭǤƭƷĻƒ Ʒƚ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ǝƚƷźƓŭ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓğƌźƷǤ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ /ƚǒƓĭźƌ ğƓķ ƭƷƩĻğƒƌźƓĻ
tǒĬƌźĭ{ĻƩǝźĭĻƭЌ͵ЊЎ bƚ /ah ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķĻĭźƭźƚƓƭ ƦƩƚŅźĭźĻƓƷƌǤͲ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƷƩğƓƭƦğƩĻƓĭǤ͵
źƓƷƩğķĻƦğƩƷƒĻƓƷğƌ ǞƚƩƉŅƌƚǞ ǞŷĻƓ ĭƚƒƦźƌźƓŭ ğƓķ ƦƚƭƷźƓŭ ğŭĻƓķğƭ ŅƚƩ /źƷǤ /ƚǒƓĭźƌ
ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЍͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ğƷĻƩ wĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƓŅźƩƒĻķ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻƩĻ
!ŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ C9a! ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ ƩĻŭğƩķźƓŭ ǒƦķğƷĻƭ Ʒƚ Cƌƚƚķ
ǞĻƩĻ Ɠƚ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ ƒğƦͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƩĻƨǒĻƭƷ źƓķźĭğƷĻķ Ɠƚ
{ğŅĻƷǤ Њ͵Њ bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
LƓƭǒƩğƓĭĻ wğƷĻ ağƦƭ ğƓķ \[ĻƷƷĻƩ ƚŅ ağƦ wĻǝźƭźƚƓƭ͵
ǒƦķğƷĻƭ ğƷ ƷŷğƷ ƷźƒĻ͵ !ƭ ƚŅ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻƩĻ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ Ɠƚ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ͵ \[źƓĻƭ ƚŅ
ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ ƩĻƒğźƓ ƚƦĻƓͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ƦƩƚƒƦƷƌǤ źƓŅƚƩƒĻķ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ğƓǤ
ǒƦķğƷĻƭ ƚĭĭǒƩ͵
Cƌƚƚķ ƩĻƭźƭƷğƓƷ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭƭ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƓĻǞ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭ źƓ ƚƩ ƓĻğƩ ğ ЊЉЉΏǤĻğƩ
/ƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƷŷğƷ ƓĻǞ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭ źƓ ğ ЊЉЉΏǤĻğƩ ŅƌƚƚķƦƌğźƓ ĬĻ ƭźƷĻķ ğƓķ
hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅƌƚƚķƦƌğźƓ ĬĻ ƭźƷĻķ ğƓķ ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ Ņƌƚƚķ ƩĻƭźƭƷğƓƷ ğƓķ ƓƚƷ źƓŷźĬźƷ Ņƌƚƚķ ŅƌƚǞƭ͵
ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ ğƌƌ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ ĭƚķĻƭ ğƓķ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
{ğŅĻƷǤЊ͵Ћ bƚ t.! hƓŭƚźƓŭ
wĻƷƩƚŅźƷ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ĭƩźƷźĭğƌ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ŅƌƚƚķƦƌğźƓ Ʒƚ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩğƌ ğƓķ
ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ ķǒƩźƓŭ ğ Ņƌƚƚķ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋБ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
DƩğƓƷƭ͵ ƚƩƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ Cƌƚƚķ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷ Ʒƚ ğƦƦƌǤ ŅƚƩ ŭƩğƓƷƭ ƷŷğƷ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ wƚǒƭƭĻƌƌĻ {ƷƩĻĻƷ
ƦƩƚǝźķĻ
Cƌƚƚķ tƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷͲ ǒƷźƌźǩźƓŭ υЍͲЏАЎͲЉЉЉ źƓ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ
Cƌƚƚķ aźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ !ƭƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ tƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğƓķ tƩĻķźƭğƭƷĻƩ aźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ tƩƚŭƩğƒͲ /ğƌ9t!Ͳ
ƷŷĻ tƩƚƦƚƭźƷźƚƓ ЏБ CƌƚƚķƦƌğźƓ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷͲ tƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓͲ ğƓķ wźƭƉ
ğƓķ ƷŷĻ {ƷğƷĻ ğƷĻƩ wĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ .ƚğƩķ ƚŅŅĻƩ ŭƩğƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƒǒƓźĭźƦğƌźƷźĻƭ
!ǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ΛCatw!Μ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ Ʒƚ ŷĻƌƦ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ŅƌƚƚķźƓŭ źƓ ƷŷĻ 5Ļƌŷź
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ͵
ǞğƷĻƩƭŷĻķͲ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ǞğƷĻƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭƭ ƚŅ
ƷŷĻ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ tǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩƉƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻķ Ʒƚ ǒƷźƌźǩĻ ŭƩğƓƷ
{ğŅĻƷǤ Њ͵Ў bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ŅǒƓķƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ĭğƦƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ Ņƌƚƚķ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ
ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ ŷĻ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ Cƌƚƚķ wĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ {ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ
LƓŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ Ǟğƭ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ ƦƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ Ǟğƭ
ƒğķĻ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ .ƩźƭƷƚƌΏƚƌƌźǝĻƩ {ƷƩĻĻƷ
ƩĬğƓ DƩĻĻƓźƓŭ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ ğƓķ
wƚǒƭƭĻƌƌĻ {ƷƩĻĻƷ Cƌƚƚķ tƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ͵ 5ĻƭźŭƓ Ǟğƭ ğƌƭƚ
ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ƚƚ {ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ /ğƦƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ
5źǝĻƩƭźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ͵ LƓ WǒƓĻ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ƷŷĻ {ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ
tƩƚƆĻĭƷ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ͵
hƓΏƭźƷĻ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƒźƷźŭğƷźƚƓ͵ wĻƨǒźƩĻ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ
ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ tǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩƉƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ƩĻǝźĻǞƭ ğƌƌ ƭǒĬƒźƷƷĻķ ƌğƓķ
ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ĬĻƭƷ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƚƓΏ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ ǞźƷŷ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ
ƭźƷĻ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƩĻƷĻƓƷźƚƓͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƌƚǞΏźƒƦğĭƷ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ ğƭ źƷ ƩĻƌğƷĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ͵ LŅ
ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ ğƓķ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ŭƩƚǒƓķǞğƷĻƩ ƩĻĭŷğƩŭĻ͵
ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻͲ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ ğƩĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ Ʒƚ ƭǒĬƒźƷ ğ ğƷĻƩ vǒğƌźƷǤ
ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ tƌğƓ ΛvatΜ ŅƚƩ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ğƓķ ğƦƦƩƚǝğƌ͵ ŷĻ vat
źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğ ǝğƩźĻƷǤ ƚŅ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ .ĻƭƷ ağƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ tƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ
{ğŅĻƷǤЊ͵Џ bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
Λ.atƭΜ Ʒƚ ƩĻƷğźƓ ƚƩ ƷƩĻğƷ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ƩǒƓƚŅŅ ƚƓΏƭźƷĻ ğƓķ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ǝĻƩźŅźĻķ źƓƭƷğƌƌğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ źƓŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ
ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ .atƭ ğƷ ƷǞĻƓƷǤΏƭźǣ ΛЋЏΜ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ
ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ ƩĻķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ ƷƚƷğƌźƓŭ АВ͵АЏΏğĭƩĻƭ ƚŅ
ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ ğƩĻğ͵
{ƷƚƩƒ 5ƩğźƓƭ͵
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ wƚǒƭƭĻƌƌĻ {ƷƩĻĻƷ
ƭƷƚƩƒ ķƩğźƓ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƓĻĻķĻķͲ ǞźƷŷ ğƓ ĻƒƦŷğƭźƭ ƚƓ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ ŅƌƚƚķźƓŭ ğƩĻğƭ͵
Cƌƚƚķ tƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷͲ źƓƭƷğƌƌźƓŭ ğƦƦƩƚǣźƒğƷĻƌǤ ЊͲЌЎЉ ŅĻĻƷ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ
ŷźƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ğƓķ ĭƌĻğƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ƭƷƚƩƒ ķƩğźƓƭ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ Ņƌƚƚķ
Бγ ǞźķĻ ĬǤ Аγ Ʒğƌƌ ƭƷƚƩƒ ķƩğźƓ Ʒƚ ŷĻƌƦ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ŅƌƚƚķźƓŭ źƓ ƷŷĻ 5Ļƌŷź
ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻƭ ƭƚ ƷŷğƷ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻƌǤ ĭƚƓǝĻǤĻķͲ ğƓķ ǒƦŭƩğķźƓŭ
ǞğƷĻƩƭŷĻķͲ źƒƦƩƚǝĻ ǞğƷĻƩ ƨǒğƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ğĻƭƷŷĻƷźĭƭ ƚŅ
ƷŷĻ ƭƷƚƩƒ ķƩğźƓ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ǞŷĻƩĻ źƷ źƭ ƉƓƚǞƓ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ǒƓķĻƩƭźǩĻķ͵
ƷŷĻ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ͵
{ğŅĻƷǤЊ͵А bƚ t! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ Ǟğƭ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ 5ƚǞƓƷƚǞƓ Cƌƚƚķ
wĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ {ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ LƓŅźƌƷƩğƷźƚƓ tƩƚƆĻĭƷ ğƓķ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ
ƦƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ Ǟğƭ ƒğķĻ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ wƚǒƭƭĻƌƌĻ {ƷƩĻĻƷ Cƌƚƚķ tƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ
tƩƚƆĻĭƷͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ źƭ ƌźƭƷĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЋЉЊБ {ƷƚƩƒ 5ƩğźƓ ağƭƷĻƩ tƌğƓ ğƭ ƚƓĻ
ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƚƦ ЊЉ wĻĭƚƒƒĻƓķĻķ /ğƦźƷğƌ LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ͵ ŷĻ
/źƷǤ ğƌƭƚ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ ƩƚǒƷźƓĻ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƭƷƚƩƒ ķƩğźƓ
ƭǤƭƷĻƒͲ ƩĻƒƚǝźƓŭ ğƦƦƩƚǣźƒğƷĻƌǤ ВЎΏƷƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ͵
{ĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ǒƭĻ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓƭźķĻƩ ƌĻŭźƭƌğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚŷźĬźƷ ƓĻǞ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ źƓǝƚƌǝĻķ źƓ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓͲ ǒƭĻͲ ƭƷƚƩğŭĻͲ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷͲ ƚƩ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌ ƚŅ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ ƓĻğƩ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƒğǤ ĬĻ ğķǝĻƩƭĻƌǤ źƒƦğĭƷĻķ ĬǤ ƭǒĭŷ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ͵ tƩƚŷźĬźƷ ƓĻǞ
{ğŅĻƷǤЋ͵Ћ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵ !ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǒƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ ķƩğŅƷĻķ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷĻķ ǒƭĻƭ
ƭĻƓƭźƷźǝĻ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ ƓĻğƩ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƭźƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ǒƭĻͲ ƭƷƚƩĻͲ ƚƩ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ
ğƓķ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ĭƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻƭ͵
ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЋВ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
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/źƷǤγƭ 9W hŅŅźĭĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ
9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ WǒƭƷźĭĻͲ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ IĻğƌƷŷ /ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ ğƓķ
ƓźǝĻƩƭźƷǤ ƚŅ
/ğƩĻ !ŭĻƓĭǤ Λh/I/!Μ Ʒƚ ƩğźƭĻ ğǞğƩĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƌĻğķ ğĬğƷĻƒĻƓƷ
/ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ ğƷ LƩǝźƓĻ tǒĬƌźĭ IĻğƌƷŷͲ Ʒƚ ǒƓķĻƩƭƷğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻǝğƌĻƓĭĻͲ ƭƚǒƩĭĻƭͲ ğƓķ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğǝğźƌğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤ͵
źƒƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƌĻğķ ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƭƚźƌ ğĭƩƚƭƭ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ
{ğŅĻƷǤЋ͵Ѝ Ļƭ t.!Ή/5! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƆǒƭƷźĭĻ ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩƭ źƓ ƦƩƚƦƚƭźƓŭ ƭƚƌǒƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƒƚǝĻ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ ƌĻğķΏ
ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷĻķ ƭƚźƌƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ ğƓķ ǞźƷŷ ĬĻƓĭŷƒğƩƉƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻ ğƓķ ƷƩğĭƉ
ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻƓĻƭƭ ƚŅ ƦƩƚƦƚƭĻķ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭ͵ /ƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ /ğƌźŅƚƩƓźğ tǒĬƌźĭ
ƷźƌźƷźĻƭ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ ğƓķΉƚƩ
tǒĬƌźĭ ƚƩƉƭ !ŭĻƓĭǤ /Lt 9ƓŭźƓĻĻƩźƓŭ ƷĻğƒ ƌĻğķƭ ƨǒğƩƷĻƩƌǤ
ƷźƌźƷǤ
ǒƷźƌźǩĻ ƷŷĻ /ğƦźƷğƌ LƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ƭƷƩĻƓŭƷŷĻƓͲ ƩĻƌƚĭğƷĻͲ ƚƩ
/ƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ aĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓƭ
ƷğƉĻ ƚƷŷĻƩ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭğŅĻŭǒğƩķ ŷźŭŷΏǝƚƌƷğŭĻ ƌźƓĻƭͳ ǞğƷĻƩͲ ƭĻǞĻƩͲ
ĭƚƒƦğƓźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ĭƚŷĻƭźƚƓ ğƓķ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓ͵
ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ŭğƭ ğƓķ ƦĻƷƩƚƌĻǒƒ ƦźƦĻƌźƓĻƭͳ ğƓķ ƷƩǒƓƉ ĻƌĻĭƷƩźĭğƌ ğƓķ ƷĻƌĻƦŷƚƓĻ ĭƚƓķǒźƷƭ
{ğŅĻƷǤЌ͵Њ bƚ t!Ήt.! ЋЉЋЍ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ƷŷğƷ ĻǣƷĻƓķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ğƩĻğƭ ƚŅ ŷźŭŷ ƌźƨǒĻŅğĭƷźƚƓ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌͲ ĭƩƚƭƭ ğĭƷźǝĻ ŅğǒƌƷƭͲ ƚƩ
ƷƩğǝĻƩƭĻ ĻğƩƷŷ ĭƩğĭƉƭ ƚƩ ƌğƓķƭƌźķĻƭ͵
/ƚƚƩķźƓğƷźƚƓ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ źƓƷĻƩƓğƌƌǤ ğƓķ ǞźƷŷ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƆǒƩźƭķźĭƷźƚƓƭͲ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻķ źƓƷĻƩƓğƌƌǤ ğƓķ ǞźƷŷ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƆǒƩźƭķźĭƷźƚƓƭͲ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ
ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ !źƩƦƚƩƷ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ ğƭ ğŭĻƓĭźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ hƩğƓŭĻ /ƚǒƓƷǤ !źƩƦƚƩƷ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ /ƚƒƒźƭƭźƚƓ ğƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ
ƓĻĻķĻķ ƚƓ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğŅŅĻĭƷźƓŭ ƌğƓķ ƚƓ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ ğŅŅĻĭƷźƓŭ
ǒƭĻ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭͲ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓͲ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻͲ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷͲ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭͲ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓͲ
{ğŅĻƷǤЍ͵Њ bƚ t.!Ήt! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓͲ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƨǒğƌźƷǤͲ ğƓķ WƚŷƓ ğǤƓĻ !źƩƦƚƩƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻͲ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓͲ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƨǒğƌźƷǤͲ ğƓķ WƚŷƓ
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ͵ ğǤƓĻ !źƩƦƚƩƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƌğƓƭ͵
!źƩƦƚƩƷ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƦƌğƓƭ͵ /ƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦƌǤ ǞźƷŷ CĻķĻƩğƌ !ǝźğƷźƚƓ /ƚƒƦƌźĻķ ǞźƷŷ CĻķĻƩğƌ !ǝźğƷźƚƓ wĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ğķŷĻƩĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ WƚŷƓ ğǤƓĻ
wĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ğķŷĻƩĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ WƚŷƓ ğǤƓĻ !źƩƦƚƩƷ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ /ƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ tƌğƓ Ʒƚ !źƩƦƚƩƷ \[ğƓķ
ƭĻ /ƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ tƌğƓ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĻƓƭǒƩĻƭ
{ğŅĻƷǤЍ͵Ћ bƚ t.!Ήt! hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĻƓƭǒƩĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƚŅ ğźƩƦƚƩƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƚŅ ƷŷƚƭĻ ƷŷĻ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƚŅ ğźƩƦƚƩƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ƚŅ ƷŷƚƭĻ ƌźǝźƓŭͲ ǞƚƩƉźƓŭͲ ğƓķ ŭƚźƓŭ Ʒƚ
ƌźǝźƓŭͲ ǞƚƩƉźƓŭͲ ğƓķ ŭƚźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƭĭŷƚƚƌ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵ ƭĭŷƚƚƌ źƓ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ͵
5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭƚķĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵ ağźƓƷğźƓ ğƓķ ǒƦķğƷĻ ğƭ ƓĻĭĻƭƭğƩǤ ƷŷĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ğźƩƦƚƩƷ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƭğŅĻƷǤ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ͵
{ğŅĻƷǤЍ͵Ќ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵ !ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǒƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ ğ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓ
ƦĻƩƷğźƓźƓŭ Ʒƚ ğźƩƦƚƩƷ ƌğƓķ ǒƭĻ ĭƚƒƦğƷźĬźƌźƷǤ͵
5ĻƭźŭƓ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƚƩ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ķĻƭźŭƓ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ķźƩĻĭƷ ğƩĭŷźƷĻĭƷǒƩğƌ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ķĻƭźŭƓͲ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ƭźƷźƓŭ ğƓķ ƚƩźĻƓƷğƷźƚƓͲ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķ źķĻƓƷźƷǤ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Њ͵Ћ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƒƚƓǒƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓͲ ǞğǤŅźƓķźƓŭͲ ƦƌğĭĻƒğƉźƓŭ ĻƌĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ
ĭƚķĻ͵ !ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǒƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ ƷĻğƒ ŷğƭ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻķ ƚĬƆĻĭƷźǝĻ
ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƷƩğƓƭźƷΏƚƩźĻƓƷĻķ ğƓķ ŷźŭŷĻƩ źƓƷĻƓƭźƷǤ ğƩĻğƭ͵
ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
{źŭƓğŭĻ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ ƭźŭƓ ƩĻŭǒƌğƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ Ʒƚ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ĭƚŷĻƭźǝĻ źķĻƓƷźƷǤ ğƓķ ǝźƭǒğƌƌǤ ğƦƦĻğƌźƓŭ źƓƷĻŭƩğƷĻķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚƩ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Њ͵Ќ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ķźƭƷƩźĭƷ͵
ĭƚķĻ͵ !ƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǒƦķğƷĻͲ ƷŷĻ ƷĻğƒ źƭ ƒƚķĻƩƓźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭźŭƓ
ƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ {ğŅĻƷǤ ŷƩƚǒŭŷ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ 5ĻƭźŭƓ͵ 9ķǒĭğƷĻ /źƷǤ ƭƷğŅŅ ƚƓ δƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ğƭƦĻĭƷƭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓδ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ĬǤ ƭƦƚƓƭƚƩźƓŭ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ źƓ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭ͵ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ wĻǝźĻǞ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻγƭ
ƦķğƷĻ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ķĻƭźŭƓ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ğƓǤ ƓĻǞ ķĻƭźŭƓ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƩĻǝźĻǞ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƦƦƌźĭğƷźƚƓƭ͵
ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ ĬĻƭƷ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ͵ !ǝƚźķ ğƭƦĻĭƷƭ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Њ͵Ѝ bƚ t.!Ήt5 hƓŭƚźƓŭ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭğŅĻƷǤ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƷŷğƷ ƦƩźǝğƷźǩĻ ƚƩ ƭĻŭƩĻŭğƷĻ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƩĻğƭͲ
ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЌЉ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
.źƌƌĬƚğƩķƭ͵ !ƒĻƓķ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ .źƌƌĬƚğƩķ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻŅƌĻĭƷ !ķƚƦƷĻķ ğ .źƌƌĬƚğƩķ hƩķźƓğƓĭĻ źƓ ЋЉЋЋ Ʒƚ ƩĻŅƌĻĭƷ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ğķǝĻƩƷźƭźƓŭ
ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ğķǝĻƩƷźƭźƓŭ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ĭğƦźƷğƌźǩĻ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ŅƩĻĻǞğǤƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩǒƓ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ğƓķ ĭğƦźƷğƌźǩĻ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ŅƩĻĻǞğǤƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩǒƓ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ ğƓķ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ћ͵Ќ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
ĭźƷǤ͵ ǒƦķğƷĻķ źƷ źƓ ЋЉЋЍ͵
/ƚƩƩźķƚƩƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ƚƩ ƒğƆƚƩ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƩĻƓƚǝğƷźƚƓƭ ğƌƚƓŭ ğƩƷĻƩźğƌ ƩƚğķǞğǤƭ Ʒƚ ƒĻĻƷ ƷŷĻ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğƓķ Ʒƚ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ќ͵Њ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƩĻŅƌĻĭƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ źķĻƓƷźƷǤ ğƓķ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ͵
ĭƚķĻ͵ ŷĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğƓ ǒƦķğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
aǒƌƷźƒƚķğƌ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷǤ ķĻƭźŭƓ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ğ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƌğƓķ
tƩĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƩĻğƌƒ ƦƌğƓƭ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźǝĻ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ
ǒƭĻ Ņƚĭǒƭ ğƩĻğƭ ğƓķ ƷƩğƓƭźƷ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ŭǒźķĻ ƷŷĻ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƚŅ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻͲ ŷğƩķƭĭğƦĻͲ
źķĻƓƷźŅźĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ źƭ ǒƓķĻƩǞğǤ͵
ğƓķ ğƒĻƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ǞğƌƉğĬźƌźƷǤ ğƓķ ƌźƓƉğŭĻƭ Ʒƚ ğƌƌ ƒƚķĻƭ ƚŅ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓͲ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ќ͵Ћ bƚ t.!Ήt! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷğƷźƚƓ tƌğƓ͵
.źĭǤĭƌĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ķĻƭźŭƓ ŭǒźķĻƌźƓĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƭğŅĻ ğƓķ ƭĻĭǒƩĻ ĬźĭǤĭƌĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭͲ ğƓķ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ƦƩƚƒƚƷĻ ĬźĭǤĭƌĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ŅƚƩ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ĻǝĻƓƷƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƷźƚƓƭ Ʒƚ ǒƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ќ͵Ќ bƚ t.!Ή/5! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƭĻĭǒƩĻ ĬźĭǤĭƌĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ŅƚƩ ğƓǤ ƓĻǞ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷ ƷŷğƷ ğƌƭƚ
ĭƚķĻ͵ ŷĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğƓ ǒƦķğƷĻ Ʒƚ ĬźĭǤĭƌĻ
ŷğƭ ğ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷ͵
ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
/ƩƚƭƭΏğĭĭĻƭƭ͵ !ƒĻƓķ ƷŷĻ ǩƚƓźƓŭ ĭƚķĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ƩĻĭźƦƩƚĭğƌ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ƚƓ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌƌǤ ǩƚƓĻķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ͵
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ќ͵Ѝ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵ ŷĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğƓ ǒƦķğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ
ƩĻĭźƦƩƚĭğƌ ğĭĭĻƭƭ źƓ ƭƚƒĻ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ğƩĻğƭ͵
\[źƓĻğƩ ƦğƩƉƭ ğƓķ ƷƩğźƌƭ͵ źƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƉƭ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓͲ ğķķƩĻƭƭ ƓĻĻķƭ ŅƚƩ ƚŅŅΏƭƷƩĻĻƷ
/ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ .ƩźƭƷƚƌ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ĭƚƩƩźķƚƩ ğƓķ
ƷƩğźƌƭͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƓĻǞ ƌźƓƉğŭĻƭ ğƓķ ƌźƓĻğƩ ƦğƩƉ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭͲ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƌźŭŷƷźƓŭͲ
ƷŷĻ ğƩƓĻƩΉ5Ļƌŷź ƌźƓĻğƩ ƦğƩƉ͵ CźƩƭƷ ƦŷğƭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ .ƩźƭƷƚƌ wĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ
ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻƭͲ ƭźŭƓğŭĻͲ ğƓķ ĻƓŷğƓĭĻķ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ͵
/ƚƩƩźķƚƩͲ {ğƌǝğķƚƩ vǒźƓƷğƓğ tğƩƉͲ źƭ ǒƓķĻƩ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźƚƓ ğƓķ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ќ͵Џ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЋ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ķĻƌźǝĻƩĻķ źƓ Cğƌƌ ЋЉЋЏ͵ LƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓͲ źƓƷĻƩƓğƌ
ƒĻĻƷźƓŭƭ ǞźƷŷ t! ǞĻƩĻ ŷĻƌķ Ʒƚ ĻǣƷĻƓķ ƷŷĻ ğƩƓĻƩΉ5Ļƌŷź ƌźƓĻğƩ
ƦğƩƉ ğƓ ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ͵ЋЎ ƒźƌĻ͵
/ŷğƓƓĻƌƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ǞğƷĻƩǞğǤƭ ŅƚƩ ƩĻĭƩĻğƷźƚƓğƌ ğƓķ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻķ ğ {ƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ /ŷğƓƓĻƌ /ƚƓǝĻƩƭźƚƓ
ĻķǒĭğƷźƚƓğƌ ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻƭ͵
CĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƭƷǒķǤ͵ ŷĻ ƭƷǒķǤ ğƓğƌǤǩĻķ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ĭƚƓǝĻƩƷźƓŭ
ƚƦĻƓ ƭƷƚƩƒǞğƷĻƩ ĭŷğƓƓĻƌƭ Ʒƚ ǒƓķĻƩŭƩƚǒƓķ ĭƚƓķǒźƷƭ ğƓķ ğĭƷźǝğƷźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ѝ͵Ћ bƚ t!Ήtw/{! ЋЉЋЎ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ƷŷĻ ƭƦğĭĻ ğĬƚǝĻ ƷŷĻƒ͵ ŷĻ /źƷǤ Ǟźƌƌ ƒƚƓźƷƚƩ ŭƩğƓƷ ŅǒƓķźƓŭ
ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƭǒĭŷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭͲ źƓ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ
/ƚǒƓƷǤ ƚŅ hƩğƓŭĻ͵
!ƌƌƚǞğĬƌĻ ǒƭĻƭ͵ 9ǣƦğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ƚǒƷķƚƚƩ ǒƭĻƭ źƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭƦğĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ğƌƌƚǞ ŅƚƩ ŷĻ /źƷǤγƭ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ wĻǝźĻǞ /ƚƒƒźƷƷĻĻ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻƉ
ğķķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƭƚĭźğƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźƷǤΏŅƚĭǒƭĻķ ĻƓƷĻƩƷğźƓƒĻƓƷ͵ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒğĬƌĻ ƚƦĻƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ğĭĭĻƭƭźĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ѝ͵Ќ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋ Ώ ЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
źƓ ğƌƌ ƓĻǞ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ ğƓķ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ͵
9ƒĻƩŭźƓŭ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭźĻƭ͵ /ƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ǞźƩĻƌĻƭƭ ğƓķ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭǤ ĭƚƒƦğƓźĻƭ Ʒƚ
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ źƓĭƚƩƦƚƩğƷĻ 9 /ŷğƩŭźƓŭ {ƷğƷźƚƓƭ źƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
ĭƩĻğƷĻ ǞźƩĻƌĻƭƭ ĭŷğƩŭźƓŭ ğƩĻğƭ źƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭƦğĭĻƭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ źƓƭƷğƌƌźƓŭ
ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƌƚƷƭͳ źƓƭƷğƌƌĻķ ĭƚƒƒǒƓźĭğƷźƚƓ ƒğƩƨǒĻĻƭ ğƷ ƭĻǝĻƓ ƒğƆƚƩ
ƭƚƌğƩΏƦƚǞĻƩĻķ ĭŷğƩŭźƓŭ ƭƷğƷźƚƓƭ͵ 9ǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ŅĻğƭźĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ƦƩƚǝźķźƓŭ ŅƩĻĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ƦǒĬƌźĭ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğƓƓƚǒƓĭĻƒĻƓƷƭͳ ğƓķ
źCź źƓ ƭĻƌĻĭƷ ƦğƩƉ ğƩĻğƭ ğƓķ ƦǒĬƌźĭ Ʀƌğǩğƭ͵ LƓ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƉƭ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ƦƌğƓ źƓĭƌǒķĻ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ѝ͵Ў bƚ tw/{!Ήt! ЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƩĻğƷĻķ ƷŷĻ aǤ{ğƓƷğ!Ɠğ !ƦƦ ƷŷğƷ ĻƓğĬƌĻƭ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƦƚƩƷ
ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩğƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ğķğƦƷźƓŭ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƭƦğĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƭƦƚƓķ Ʒƚ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ǞğǤ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷƭ
źƭƭǒĻƭ ğƓķ ƩĻƨǒĻƭƷ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ͵
ƌźǝĻ ğƓķ źƓƷĻƩğĭƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻźƩ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ ğƭ ğ ƩĻƭǒƌƷ ƚŅ ĻƒĻƩŭźƓŭ ƷĻĭŷƓƚƌƚŭźĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЌЊ ƚŅ ЌЋ
ЋЉЋЎ DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ !ƓƓǒğƌ tƩƚŭƩĻƭƭ wĻƦƚƩƷ
!ƷƷğĭŷƒĻƓƷ !
Lat\[9a9b!Lhb !/Lhb ЋЉЋЎ
t5!9
9\[9a9b9W !D9b/ La9 Cw!a9 {!
{
\[ğƓķƭĭğƦźƓŭ ğƷ Ņƚĭǒƭ źƓƷĻƩƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ķĻƭźŭƓ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ŅƚƩ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ ƷŷĻ /ƚƒƦƩĻŷĻƓƭźǝĻ ƚƓźƓŭ /ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƷĻğƒ ĭƚƓķǒĭƷĻķ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷƭ ğķƆğĭĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƚƩ ğƷ Ņƚĭǒƭ źƓƷĻƩƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ͵
ƭƷğƉĻŷƚƌķĻƩ ĻƓŭğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƦğƩĻķ ƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķƩğŅƷ ǩƚƓźƓŭ
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ў͵Њ bƚ t.! ЋЉЋЋΏЋЉЋА hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚķĻ͵ ŷĻ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ĭƚķĻ Ǟźƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƌğƓķƭĭğƦĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵
tǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ ğƷ Ņƚĭǒƭ źƓƷĻƩƭĻĭƷźƚƓƭ͵ 9ǣƦƌƚƩĻ ğ ĭƚƌƌğĬƚƩğƷźǝĻ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ǞźƷŷ ƭĭŷƚƚƌƭͲ
LƓ ЋЉЋЎͲ !ƩƷƭ ğƓķ /ǒƌƷǒƩĻ ƭƷğŅŅ ğķǝğƓĭĻķ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ źƓźƷźğƷźǝĻƭ
ƓƚƓƦƩƚŅźƷ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓƭͲ ğƓķ ƌƚĭğƌ ğƩƷźƭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĭƩĻğƷĻ ğƓķ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ğƩƷ źƓ ƦǒĬƌźĭ
ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƭƷƩğƷĻŭźĭ ƦğƩƷƓĻƩƭŷźƦƭʹ
ƭƦğĭĻƭ͵
Ώ .ƩźķŭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ D͵!͵tʹ DƩğŅŅźƷź !ƩƷƭ tƩƚŭƩğƒ Ώ tğƩƷƓĻƩĻķ ǞźƷŷ {!
{5
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Ў͵Ћ bƚ /5! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
Ʒƚ ƚŅŅĻƩ ǞƚƩƉƭŷƚƦƭ Ʒƚ ğƷΏƦƩƚƒźƭĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ĭƩĻğƷĻ ğ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ƒǒƩğƌ
Ώ tğƩƷƓĻƩĻķ ǞźƷŷ t! Ʒƚ ĭƚǝĻƩ ğƌƌ ƒǒƩğƌƭ źƓ ĭźƷǤ ƦğƩƉƭ ǞźƷŷ ğƓ ğƓƷźΏ
ŭƩğŅŅźƷź ĭƚğƷźƓŭ͵
bğƷǒƩğƌ ƌğƓķƒğƩƉƭ͵
ƦķğƷĻ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ wźǝĻƩ źƭźƚƓ tƌğƓ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ
tğƩƉ tƌğƓƓźƓŭ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ ƭĻĻƉ ŭƩğƓƷ ƚƦƦƚƩƷǒƓźƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ŷźƩĻ
!Ɠğ wźǝĻƩ ğƓķ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ /ƩĻĻƉ ğƭ ƓğƷǒƩğƌ ƌğƓķƒğƩƉƭ ǞźƷŷźƓ ƷŷĻ ĭźƷǤ͵
ƩĬğƓ5ĻƭźŭƓ Џ͵Ћ bƚ tw/{! ЋЉЋЍ hƓŭƚźƓŭ
ĭƚƓƭǒƌƷğƓƷ ƷŷğƷ ĭğƓ ğƭƭźƭƷ ǞźƷŷ ĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ {ğƓƷźğŭƚ tğƩƉ tƩĻƭĻƩǝĻ͵
9ƨǒźƷğĬƌĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭ͵ 9ƭƷğĬƌźƭŷ ğ ŅĻĻ ƩĻķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ǞğźǝĻƩ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒ ŅƚƩ ƌƚǞΏŷĻ ƒƚķźŅźĻķ ŅĻĻ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƭĻƌŅΏƓƚƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ
źƓĭƚƒĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğƓƷƭ Ʒƚ ĻƓƭǒƩĻ ĻƨǒźƷğĬƌĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ğƓķ ƦğƩƷźĭźƦğƷźƚƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ aźƌƌƭ !Ɠğ wĻŭźƭƷĻƩ ƚŅ IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ wĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭͲ ƚƩźŭźƓğƌƌǤ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ źƓ C
!ĭƷ tƩƚŭƩğƒ͵ ЋЉЋЉЋЊ ŅƩƚƒ υЌͲЎБВ͵ЊЍ Ʒƚ υЎЉЉ͵ЉЉ Ʒƚ ĻƓĭƚǒƩğŭĻ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓͲ ƩĻƒğźƓƭ źƓ ĻŅŅĻĭƷ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ źƓƷƚ C ЋЉЋЎ͵ ŷźƭ
IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ
Ļƭ t.! ЋЉЋЌ /ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ
tƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ Ќ͵Б
ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ĬǤ źƓĭĻƓƷźǝźǩźƓŭ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚǞƓĻƩƭ
Ʒƚ ƭĻƌŅΏƓƚƒźƓğƷ
wĻŭźƭƷĻƩ ƚŅ IźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ wĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵
DĻƓĻƩğƌ tƌğƓ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ !ĭƷźƚƓƭ !ΏЌЋ ƚŅ ЌЋ
Attachment B Housing Element Annual Progress Report
A-1
B-1
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A
Housing Development Applications Submitted
Total Total
Date
Density Bonus Law
Approved Disapproved Application
Project IdentifierUnit TypesProposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
Application StreamliningHistoric SitesProject TypeNotes
Applications
Units by Units by Status
Submitted
ProjectProject
1 11
5
2 34678910121314
Is this project
located on a Did the
Were
site with an housing
incentives or
Please select
associated development Is the project
Date state concessions
TenureAcutely Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-Very Low-Moderate- Total Total Total historical application Please considered a
requested
Local Unit CategoryApplication Acutely Low-Extremely Low-Low-Income Low-Income Moderate-Abovestreamlining
Income Non designation as seek incentives indicate the ministerial
Income Non Income Income Income Non PROPOSED APPROVED DISAPPROVE
+++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction (SFA,SFD,2 to SubmittedIncome Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-provision/s the pursuant to
Prior APNProject NameNotes
R=RenterDeed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Units by Units by D Units by outlined in or concessions status of the project or
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH)(see RestrictedRestrictedGovernment
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeapplication was
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedProjectprojectProjectGovernment pursuant to application.discretionary
instructions)submitted Code section
Code Section Government project?
pursuant to.65915
65400(a)(2)(N) Code section
approved?
and reported on 65915?
Table L?
0000146001057699131168560
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
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ЏΉЌΉЋЉЋЎ
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Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-1 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A
Housing Development Applications Submitted
Total Total
Date
Density Bonus Law
Approved Disapproved Application
Project IdentifierUnit TypesProposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
Application StreamliningHistoric SitesProject TypeNotes
Applications
Units by Units by Status
Submitted
ProjectProject
1 11
5
2 34678910121314
Is this project
located on a Did the
Were
site with an housing
incentives or
Please select
associated development Is the project
Date state concessions
TenureAcutely Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-Very Low-Moderate- Total Total Total historical application Please considered a
requested
Local Unit CategoryApplication Acutely Low-Extremely Low-Low-Income Low-Income Moderate-Abovestreamlining
Income Non designation as seek incentives indicate the ministerial
Income Non Income Income Income Non PROPOSED APPROVED DISAPPROVE
+++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction (SFA,SFD,2 to SubmittedIncome Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-provision/s the pursuant to
Prior APNProject NameNotes
R=RenterDeed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Units by Units by D Units by outlined in or concessions status of the project or
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH)(see RestrictedRestrictedGovernment
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeapplication was
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedProjectprojectProjectGovernment pursuant to application.discretionary
instructions)submitted Code section
Code Section Government project?
pursuant to.65915
65400(a)(2)(N) Code section
approved?
and reported on 65915?
Table L?
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\[Ɠ{/b5
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-2 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A
Housing Development Applications Submitted
Total Total
Date
Density Bonus Law
Approved Disapproved Application
Project IdentifierUnit TypesProposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
Application StreamliningHistoric SitesProject TypeNotes
Applications
Units by Units by Status
Submitted
ProjectProject
1 11
5
2 34678910121314
Is this project
located on a Did the
Were
site with an housing
incentives or
Please select
associated development Is the project
Date state concessions
TenureAcutely Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-Very Low-Moderate- Total Total Total historical application Please considered a
requested
Local Unit CategoryApplication Acutely Low-Extremely Low-Low-Income Low-Income Moderate-Abovestreamlining
Income Non designation as seek incentives indicate the ministerial
Income Non Income Income Income Non PROPOSED APPROVED DISAPPROVE
+++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction (SFA,SFD,2 to SubmittedIncome Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-provision/s the pursuant to
Prior APNProject NameNotes
R=RenterDeed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Units by Units by D Units by outlined in or concessions status of the project or
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH)(see RestrictedRestrictedGovernment
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeapplication was
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedProjectprojectProjectGovernment pursuant to application.discretionary
instructions)submitted Code section
Code Section Government project?
pursuant to.65915
65400(a)(2)(N) Code section
approved?
and reported on 65915?
Table L?
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{/b5
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-3 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A
Housing Development Applications Submitted
Total Total
Date
Density Bonus Law
Approved Disapproved Application
Project IdentifierUnit TypesProposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
Application StreamliningHistoric SitesProject TypeNotes
Applications
Units by Units by Status
Submitted
ProjectProject
1 11
5
2 34678910121314
Is this project
located on a Did the
Were
site with an housing
incentives or
Please select
associated development Is the project
Date state concessions
TenureAcutely Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-Very Low-Moderate- Total Total Total historical application Please considered a
requested
Local Unit CategoryApplication Acutely Low-Extremely Low-Low-Income Low-Income Moderate-Abovestreamlining
Income Non designation as seek incentives indicate the ministerial
Income Non Income Income Income Non PROPOSED APPROVED DISAPPROVE
+++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction (SFA,SFD,2 to SubmittedIncome Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-provision/s the pursuant to
Prior APNProject NameNotes
R=RenterDeed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Units by Units by D Units by outlined in or concessions status of the project or
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH)(see RestrictedRestrictedGovernment
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeapplication was
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedProjectprojectProjectGovernment pursuant to application.discretionary
instructions)submitted Code section
Code Section Government project?
pursuant to.65915
65400(a)(2)(N) Code section
approved?
and reported on 65915?
Table L?
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Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-4 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A
Housing Development Applications Submitted
Total Total
Date
Density Bonus Law
Approved Disapproved Application
Project IdentifierUnit TypesProposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
Application StreamliningHistoric SitesProject TypeNotes
Applications
Units by Units by Status
Submitted
ProjectProject
1 11
5
2 34678910121314
Is this project
located on a Did the
Were
site with an housing
incentives or
Please select
associated development Is the project
Date state concessions
TenureAcutely Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-Very Low-Moderate- Total Total Total historical application Please considered a
requested
Local Unit CategoryApplication Acutely Low-Extremely Low-Low-Income Low-Income Moderate-Abovestreamlining
Income Non designation as seek incentives indicate the ministerial
Income Non Income Income Income Non PROPOSED APPROVED DISAPPROVE
+++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction (SFA,SFD,2 to SubmittedIncome Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-provision/s the pursuant to
Prior APNProject NameNotes
R=RenterDeed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Units by Units by D Units by outlined in or concessions status of the project or
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH)(see RestrictedRestrictedGovernment
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeapplication was
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedProjectprojectProjectGovernment pursuant to application.discretionary
instructions)submitted Code section
Code Section Government project?
pursuant to.65915
65400(a)(2)(N) Code section
approved?
and reported on 65915?
Table L?
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Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-5 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT Note: "+" indicates an optional field
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
Period 6th Cycle 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A
Housing Development Applications Submitted
Total Total
Date
Density Bonus Law
Approved Disapproved Application
Project IdentifierUnit TypesProposed Units - Affordability by Household Incomes
Application StreamliningHistoric SitesProject TypeNotes
Applications
Units by Units by Status
Submitted
ProjectProject
1 11
5
2 34678910121314
Is this project
located on a Did the
Were
site with an housing
incentives or
Please select
associated development Is the project
Date state concessions
TenureAcutely Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-Very Low-Moderate- Total Total Total historical application Please considered a
requested
Local Unit CategoryApplication Acutely Low-Extremely Low-Low-Income Low-Income Moderate-Abovestreamlining
Income Non designation as seek incentives indicate the ministerial
Income Non Income Income Income Non PROPOSED APPROVED DISAPPROVE
+++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction (SFA,SFD,2 to SubmittedIncome Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-provision/s the pursuant to
Prior APNProject NameNotes
R=RenterDeed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Units by Units by D Units by outlined in or concessions status of the project or
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH)(see RestrictedRestrictedGovernment
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeapplication was
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedProjectprojectProjectGovernment pursuant to application.discretionary
instructions)submitted Code section
Code Section Government project?
pursuant to.65915
65400(a)(2)(N) Code section
approved?
and reported on 65915?
Table L?
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bĻǞ tƩĻΏ!ƦƦƩƚǝĻķ !5
Ώ
w9{ΏЋЉЋЎΏЏЏЌΏ
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!ǝĻt!!5
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Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-6 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
Reporting Year 202531)
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
6th Cycle
Period 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below000080006014716100005760101667
402-191-032020 E First StreetMeritage HomesDP-2024-14SFAO5754/15/202580
Santa Ana 9
144-311-15205 S Harbor BlvdDP-2024-12SFAO4326/3/2025
Townhomes
36
Olive Crest
400-091-232130 E Fourth StDP-2023-325+R3127/15/2025
Transitional Housing
15
501 S Harbor - 30
144-303-03501 S Harbor BlvdTownhome DP-2024-2SFAO22810/13/2025
Development30
Nguyen - Duplex Unit
398-533-07601 W Tenth St1011186012 TO 4R
#10
New Duplex & Two
2246 S Cypress
403-141-21
Detached ADUs - 1011213222 TO 4R
Ave
Alan Shen
0
322 N. Harbor Blvd.
198-051-17322 N Harbor BlvdResidential 1011208425+R2
Development
0
801 E Santa Ana
398-303-041011087365+R
Blvd
0
398-523-041411 N Broadway1011130555+R0
Olive Crest
400-091-232150 E Fourth St1011213835+R3
Transitional Housing
0
Olive Crest
400-091-232160 E Fourth St1011213855+R
Transitional Housing
0
430-222-242350 S Redhill Ave1011072485+R0
430-222-242010 E Warner Ave1011072455+R
0
1905 W Eighteenth Espino ADU
001-032-17101123656ADUR1
St Unit# 2Conversion
0
2402 N Hesperian
001-052-16101119935ADUR
St 2
0
1525 W Marion Garage Conversion
001-063-11101118792ADUR1
Wayto ADU
0
2102 N Pacific Ave
001-071-12101110002ADUR
2
0
1005 W Buffalo
001-181-15101117412ADUR
Ave 2
0
1009 W River Ln
001-231-05Detached ADU101123560ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
401 W Jonquil Rd Nguyen - Detached
002-037-32101123020ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1908 N Greenleaf Garage Conversion
002-091-09101120713ADUR1
St Unit# 2to ADU
0
2021 N Greenleaf
002-103-11101116173ADUR
St 2
0
ADU Garage
2414 N Bonnie
002-123-03Conversion Î 101122160ADUR1
Brae Unit# 2
Iammarino
0
326 W Eighteenth
002-153-06101111688SFDO
St
0
326 W Eighteenth
002-153-06101111690ADUR
St 2
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-7 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1014 W Fairbrook
002-243-05101118040ADUR
Ln
0
Kelly - Detached
003-033-022559 N Valencia St101123415ADUR1
ADU
0
620 1/2 E Virginia Orozco ADU Garage
003-033-11102123858ADUR
AveConversion
0
2310 N Spurgeon
003-061-11ADU101123595ADUR1
St
0
2351 N Spurgeon New Attached ADU -
003-072-25101122257ADUR1
StPockett
0
2413 N Poinsettia
003-081-16Grange ADU101122079ADUR1
St
0
2425 N Valencia St Canada Residence
003-082-09101120076ADUR1
Unit# 2New ADU
0
2425 N Valencia St Canada Residence
003-082-09101124698ADUR1
Unit# 2New ADU
0
2314 N Larchmont Garage Conversion
003-100-19101121195ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2to ADU
0
2426 N Larchmont NV Garage
003-100-31101123282ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2Conversion
0
2012 N Bush St JC IMP EXP -
003-113-09101121423ADUR1
Unit# 100Detached ADU
0
2012 N Bush St JC IMP EXP -
003-113-09101121424ADUR1
Unit# 101Detached ADU
0
1710 N Spurgeon Amezcua - Ground
003-141-16101120106ADUR1
St Unit# 100Floor ADU
0
1710 N Spurgeon Amezcua - Second
003-141-16101120107ADUR1
St Unit# 200Floor ADU
0
004-020-201515 N King St 2101115759ADUR
0
004-030-101407 N King StNew Detached ADU101123590ADUR1
0
1915 W Fifteenth
004-044-12Detached ADU101123061ADUR1
St
0
1314 W Eleventh
004-111-16101119216ADUR
St 2
0
2217 W Civic
004-153-16101119459ADUR
Center Dr 2
0
2018 W Eleventh
004-173-20101112102ADUR
St 2
0
2010 W Alco Ave New Detached ADU
004-184-50101121972ADUR1
Unit# 2Î Huynh
0
810 N English St
004-184-51Detached ADU101120532ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2315 W Sixth St Garage Conversion
007-021-04101124466ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1834 W Third St
007-163-18Mai - JADU101120602ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1834 W Third St
007-163-18Mai - Detached ADU101120603ADUR1
Unit# 3
0
New ADU
1428 W Second St
007-191-01Conversion and 101123565ADUR1
Unit# 2
Addition0
1613 W Chestnut
007-224-24101120771ADUR
Ave 2
0
1613 W Chestnut
007-224-24101120772ADUR
Ave 3
0
007-264-131727 W Pine St 2101117397ADUR
0
007-264-171703 W Pine St 3101113574ADUR
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-8 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
517 N Sunset St
007-312-15New JADU - Tran101122790ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
517 N Sunset St
007-312-15New ADU - Tran101122791ADUR1
Unit# 3
0
1112 W Sixth St
008-083-06Vu - Detached ADU101120611ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
Herrera-Torres -
008-131-081222 W Second St101123691ADUR1
Detached ADU
0
New Pre-Approved
008-213-16927 W Pine StADU - Contemporary 101123211ADUR1
749 sq ft
0
1239 W Chestnut Rodriguez -
008-231-09101122481ADUR1
AveDetached ADU
0
916 W Myrtle St Addition, ADU, and
008-242-23101124010ADUR1
Unit# 2JADU
0
Addition, ADU, and
008-242-23918 W Myrtle St101124011ADUR1
JADU Project
0
010-011-39423 S Center StNew Detached ADU101124253ADUR1
0
010-053-20502 S Forest Ave 2101120748ADUR
0
010-063-15522 S Raitt St 2101118251ADUR
0
Nguyen-Detached
010-112-121127 W Bishop St101119683ADUR1
ADU
0
010-131-07523 S Flower StDetached ADU101119725ADUR1
0
622 S Sycamore St
010-153-13101112729ADUR
2
0
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119135ADUR
Ave E
0
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119649ADUR
Ave D
0
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119648ADUR
Ave C
0
1210 W Highland New Attached JADU
010-182-39101119136ADUR1
St Unit# 2Î Cruz
0
Detached ADU
1212 W Highland
010-182-39Address Change - 101119305ADUR1
St
Cruz0
1039 W Highland
010-191-09Monsour - ADU101121883ADUR1
St Unit# A
0
1039 W Highland
010-191-09Monsour - ADU101121884ADUR1
St Unit# B
0
724 S Van Ness
010-203-13New Detached ADU101122395ADUR1
Ave
0
010-221-05817 S Ross St 2101116708ADUR
0
Landa - Detached
010-222-03811 S Birch St101124271ADUR1
ADU
0
010-222-05819 S Birch StNew Detached ADU101123913ADUR1
0
Detached Garage
010-251-03907 S Flower St101123325ADUR1
Conversion
0
941 W McFadden
010-263-30Garage Conversion102123158ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2
0
1219 W Cubbon St
010-271-13101117575ADUR
2
0
443 S Spruce St
010-292-04Detached ADU101122322ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
010-301-252325 W Mark St101118551ADUR
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-9 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
011-043-13334 E Bishop St 2101117495ADUR
0
326 E Grant St Serna - Detached
011-044-09101121859ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
908 S Orange Ave
011-052-20New JADU101121013ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1014 S Cypress
011-061-09101119455ADUR
Ave 100
0
1014 S Cypress
011-061-09101119456ADUR
Ave 101
0
328 E Harwood Pl
011-065-10101120819ADUR
2
0
011-075-211022 S Hickory StDetached ADU101120004ADUR
0
1015 S Hickory St
011-076-04101113871ADUR
2
0
011-084-03911 S Kilson Dr 2101117090ADUR
0
Nguyen - New
011-095-27724 S Halladay StDetached ADU 101121923ADUR1
(Garage Conversion)
0
849 E McFadden
011-224-15101117338ADUR
Ave 2
0
1118 S Baker St
013-012-07Garage Conversion101124262ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1101 S Magnolia
013-012-17101109392ADUR
Ave 2
0
1123 S Magnolia New ADU Garage
013-012-28102120229ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2Conversion
0
1119 W Russell
013-014-12Detached ADU101124098ADUR1
Ave
0
1142 S Shelton St Rompus Room to
013-014-23101118609ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1401 S Rosewood
013-051-01Attached JADU101119241ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2
0
1401 S Rosewood
013-051-01Attached ADU101119242ADUR1
Ave Unit# 3
0
1145 S Shelton St Scott-Prefabricated
013-061-14101121577ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1333 S Lowell St
013-084-19Attached ADU101120575ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1105 S Parton St
013-093-02New Detached ADU101121903ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
013-102-201226 S Parton St 2101120077ADUR
0
Solis - Detached
013-132-191426 S Parton St101121970ADUR1
ADU
0
Garage Conversion
013-141-19419 W Russell Ave101123029ADUR1
ADU
0
013-142-201130 S Broadway 2101116588ADUR
0
1232 S Sycamore Garage Conversion
013-153-26102123400ADUR1
St Unit# 2ADU - Flamenco
0
Torres - Detached
013-182-061513 S Birch StADU and Leagalize 102122347ADUR1
Shed and Patio0
013-192-111603 S Parton StNew Detached ADU101122995ADUR1
0
Two-Story ADU
013-193-20541 W Pomona St101120821ADUR1
Conversion
0
1010 W Edinger
013-215-28Detached ADU101123706ADUR1
Ave
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-10 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1702 S Garnsey St Torre - Detached
013-244-01101121989ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
014-093-342069 S Oak St 2101116657ADUR
0
Galaviz Detached
014-094-442016 S Oak St101122989ADUR1
ADU
0
014-101-131927 S Hickory StGuzman - ADU102121150ADUR1
0
2018 S Evergreen Castillo - Garage
014-112-04101121358ADUR1
St Unit# 2Conversion ADU
0
2029 S Halladay St
014-113-28NV- ADU Conversion101122580ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1907 S Evergreen
014-121-01Pham-Detached ADU101121984ADUR1
St
0
1909 S Evergreen
014-121-01Pham-Detached ADU101121985ADUR1
St
0
2033 S Evergreen
014-122-27101114947ADUR
St 2
0
2069 S Evergreen
014-122-41New Detached ADU101122854ADUR1
St
0
616 E McFadden
014-203-02Pre-Approved ADU101124166ADUR1
Ave
0
1251 S Evergreen
014-222-07101115865ADUR
St 2
0
1231 S Oak St
014-232-30Attached ADU101122329ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1606 S Halladay St
014-393-26Attached ADU101121170ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
014-424-08814 E Elder Ave 2101119446ADUR
0
Mendoza - Detached
015-042-041717 S Parton St101122831ADUR1
ADU
0
015-052-01316 W Pomona St101118096ADUR
0
015-052-01318 W Pomona St101118097ADUR
0
2022 S Sycamore
015-067-12101114894ADUR
St 2
0
2148 S Broadway
015-082-24Attached ADU101119541ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
Ocegueda -
015-091-01414 W Anahurst Pl101121647ADUR1
Detached ADU
0
2037 S Garnsey St N/V - Lopez - Garage
015-123-04102119036ADUR1
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
0
New Detached
015-123-072051 S Garnsey St101122391ADUR1
Garage Conversion
0
015-134-121932 S Ross St 2101117198ADUR
0
2024 S Garnsey St Granados - Detached
015-135-12101121258ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
740 W St Andrew Garcia - Detached
015-136-13101122260ADUR1
PlADU
0
New Detached ADU -
015-155-022035 S Olive St101122473ADUR1
Maldonado
0
015-172-222232 S Lowell StDetached ADU101123271ADUR1
0
Hassan - Garage
015-174-35928 W Anahurst Pl101122694ADUR1
ADU Conversion
0
2124 S Magnolia New Pre-approved
015-194-06101124675ADUR1
AveADU
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-11 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
015-202-092235 S Park Dr 2101111280ADUR
0
015-203-092134 S Park Dr 2101117031ADUR
0
2405 S Cypress
016-033-29101118966ADUR
Ave
0
016-105-18940 E Anahurst Pl101120172ADUR
0
820 N Euclid St
099-203-48Nguyen Î JADU101122006ADUR1
Unit# 1
0
5405 W Roosevelt
099-211-03101116316ADUR
Ave 2
0
Insixiengmay -
099-222-07315 N Maxine St101122305ADUR1
Detached ADU
0
099-232-025419 W Third StNgo - Detached ADU101123262ADUR1
0
5413 W Second St
099-232-28101111643ADUR
2
0
099-531-535522 W Silver Dr 2101113621ADUR
0
100-241-475017 W Sixth St 2101119638ADUR
0
913 N Rosita St Nguyen - Detached
100-444-29101121582ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
4721 W Oakfield
100-456-24101115738ADUR
Ave 3
0
4721 W Oakfield
100-456-24101115737ADUR
Ave 2
0
701 N Mountain
100-533-10101117731ADUR
View St 2
0
4810 W Sixth St
100-581-14New ADU101122162ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
609 N Jenkins St
100-582-12New Attached ADU101123532ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2517 W
De Santiago -
101-121-04Huckleberry Rd 101121526ADUR1
Detached ADU
Unit# 20
2719 W
101-121-17New Detached ADU101123548ADUR1
Huckleberry Rd
0
2726 W Strawberry
101-121-28Detached ADU101121202ADUR1
Ln Unit# 2
0
2714 W Strawberry
101-121-31New Detached ADU101122291ADUR1
Ln Unit# 2
0
2121 N Lewis St Freudengerger -
101-561-19101122606ADUR1
Unit# 2Detached ADU
0
2101 W Avalon N/V - ADU Garage
101-582-07101122384ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2Conversion - Hurtado
0
108-072-28430 1/2 S Euclid St101101503ADUR
0
108-102-144618 W Roy Cir 2101115440ADUR
0
Perez Residence
108-114-11304 S Andres Pl101119109ADUR1
ADU
0
4715 W McFadden
108-131-37New Attached ADU101123541ADUR1
Ave
0
4806 W Jason Ln
108-331-11ADU Conversion102122902ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1133 S Austin St
108-332-03Detached ADU101121510ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1202 S Karen Ave
108-334-17101113857ADUR
2
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-12 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1220 S Newhope
108-335-29Abe - Detached ADU101122300ADUR1
St
0
Gutierrez - New
108-342-021015 S Austin St101122501ADUR1
Detached ADU
0
108-344-011005 S Virlee St 2101118024ADUR
0
1008 S Newhope Nguyen Residence -
108-345-18101124240ADUR1
StNew Detached ADU
0
4914 W Flight Ave
108-365-06Chi-Detached ADU101120716ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
108-383-131206 S Corta Dr 2101111561ADUR
0
1129 S Corta Dr Ngo - Garage
108-384-03101121838ADUR1
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
0
632 S Genoa Dr
108-401-02New Attached ADU101120934ADUR1
Unit# -
0
602 S Genoa Dr Mikail - Attached
108-401-08101120781ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
5604 W Highland
108-504-36101119018ADUR
St 2
0
746 S Deming St
108-562-06Quan-JADU101121003ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
746 S Deming St Quan-ADU
108-562-06101121004ADUR1
Unit# 3Conversion
0
Nguyen - Detached
108-562-095412 W Kedge Ave101123584ADUR1
ADU
0
907 S Shannon St
108-602-34ADU Conversion101122409ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
904 S Shannon St
108-604-10101116996ADUR
2
0
3918 W Crystal Ln
108-721-08101119540ADUR
2
0
Detached ADU
108-731-031030 S Gates StGarage Conversion - 101122331ADUR1
Garcia0
918 S Pacific Ave
109-061-02ADU Conversion101123426ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
909 S Pacific Ave Garage Conversion
109-062-03101121897ADUR1
Unit# 2to ADU
0
1329 W McFadden
109-064-29New Attached ADU101121764ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2
0
2320 W Dahl Ln Villegas - Attached
109-081-23101121144ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1142 S Clara St Detached Two-Story
109-091-41101119966ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1245 1/2 S Sullivan
109-092-24101105622ADUR
St
0
1140 S Golden
109-092-42101110744ADUR
West Ave 1
0
1138 S Golden
109-092-42101110742ADUR
West Ave
0
1321 S Pacific Ave
109-273-06101115182ADUR
2
0
814 S Hesperian St
109-344-16New Detached ADU101121626ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1401 W Highland
109-344-25101118576ADUR
St 2
0
1401 W Highland Luti Properties 010,
109-344-25101121657ADUR1
St Unit# 3LLC - JADU
0
1629 W Highland
109-351-32ADU Conversion101121849ADUR1
St Unit# 2
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-13 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1602 W Brook St
109-362-01Tran - Detached ADU101120778ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
109-443-061114 S Wood St 2101114054ADUR
0
109-444-112120 W Dahl LnNew Detached ADU101122799ADUR1
0
1906 1/2 W Elder
109-525-17101105242ADUR
Ave
0
710 S Raitt St
109-611-02Garage Conversion101119073ADUR1
Unit# 11
0
718 S Raitt St
109-611-03Garage Conversion101119074ADUR1
Unit# 11
0
3314 W Borchard New Detached ADU -
109-664-20101122335ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2Hernandez
0
Phung - Pre-
109-671-303024 W Lingan Ln101125480ADUR1
Approved - ADU
0
109-675-151134 S Arapaho DrNew Detached ADU101122778ADUR1
0
513 S King St Unit# Garage Conversion
109-781-27101121739ADUR1
2to ADU
0
109-821-10401 S Huron Dr 2101109606ADUR
0
2923 W Raymar St Garage Conversion
109-832-19101121768ADUR1
Unit# 2to ADU
0
524 S Shawnee Dr
109-833-17Attached ADU101120570ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2730 S Pacific Ave
140-281-33101115020ADUR
2
0
Gutierrez - Garage
144-331-12336 S Laurel St101121977ADUR1
Conversion ADU
0
144-361-29907 S Bewley St 2101119697ADUR
0
Nguyen - Detached
144-362-013620 W Roberts Dr101124629ADUR1
ADU
0
702 S Susan St Villalpando -
144-521-01101121841ADUR1
Unit# 2Attached ADU
0
825 S Flintridge Dr
188-061-12Ngo - JADU101121229ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
718 S Flintridge Dr
188-062-04Mai - Detached ADU101119235ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
5113 W Roberts Dr
188-062-25101113865ADUR
3
0
5113 W Roberts Dr
188-062-25101113864ADUR
2
0
5121 W Roberts Dr
188-062-27Tran - Detached ADU101119307ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
188-063-095124 W Roberts DrVu - Detached ADU101123080ADUR1
0
733 S Toland St Nguyen - Detached
188-081-07101122323ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
188-102-19829 S Elliott Pl 2101119220ADUR
0
Truong - Detached
198-021-011225 N West St101121607ADUR1
ADU
0
4009 W Hazard
198-021-30101113421ADUR
Ave 2
0
3925 W Hazard Nguyen - Detached
198-021-33101122459ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2ADU
0
198-023-091102 N West St 2101109950ADUR
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-14 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1222 N Jackson St Garcia - Single-Story
198-102-06101121401ADUR1
Unit# AADU
0
1222 N Jackson St Garcia - Two-Story
198-102-06101121403ADUR1
Unit# BADU
0
1409 N Glenarbor
198-141-03101115519ADUR
St 3
0
1409 N Glenarbor
198-141-03101115518ADUR
St 2
0
1207 N Glenarbor
198-141-13Detached ADU101123162ADUR1
St
0
1219 N Mar-Les
198-151-22New Detached ADU101124611ADUR1
West Dr
0
618 N Figueroa St New Detached ADU
198-162-13101120072ADUR1
Unit# CÎ Moreno
0
198-181-18122 N Bewley St 2101117071ADUR
0
New ADU -
198-231-10916 N Bewley StIllumination 101118571ADUR1
Foundation0
198-242-31209 N Bewley St 2101119478ADUR
0
Garage Conversion
198-252-08326 N Laurel St101120947ADUR1
to ADU
0
4413 W Sunswept
198-301-12Attached ADU101122116ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2
0
4310 W Sunswept
198-302-02101115749ADUR
Ave 2
0
1413 N Hastings St
198-311-12101113492ADUR
2
0
198-311-151403 N Hastings StDetached ADU101120338ADUR1
0
4406 W Maurie Ave
198-323-03ADU Conversion101121218ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2220 N Richmond
396-012-15New Detached ADU101123780ADUR1
St
0
2224 N Concord St
396-051-19Detached ADU101120598ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
396-072-312102 N Wright St 2101117956ADUR
0
2406 N Old Grand
396-241-11101110438ADUR
St 2
0
2610 N Ponderosa ADU Conversion -
396-271-13101122754ADUR1
St Unit# 2Elias
0
2617 N Deodar St Casas - Garage
396-273-12101119933ADUR1
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
0
2602 N Deodar St
396-274-24ADU Conversion101119326ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
ADU Garage
396-314-0313914 N Deodar St101124349ADUR1
Conversion
0
621 E Edgewood Detached ADU -
396-422-27101124001ADUR1
RdGettler
0
1102 N French St N/V Garage
398-027-19101123317ADUR1
Unit# BConversion
0
1102 N French St
398-027-19Detached ADU101123318ADUR1
Unit# C
0
315 E Sixteenth St
398-123-07101112995ADUR
2
0
1407 N Spurgeon
398-134-05Detached ADU101122521ADUR1
St Unit# 2
0
398-286-08314 S Broadway 3101112285ADUR
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-15 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
398-286-08314 S Broadway 2101112284ADUR
0
398-292-18420 S Broadway101114877ADUR
0
398-293-10439 S Broadway101118613ADUR
0
208 N Hathaway St
398-451-07101115916ADUR
2
0
Lopez - Detached
398-481-20617 E Third St101122601ADUR1
ADU
0
Sanchez - Detached
398-483-02808 E Fourth St101122558ADUR1
ADU
0
398-531-221123 N Flower St101116725ADUR
0
1002 N Van Ness Nguyen - ADU Unit
398-533-07101118598ADUR1
Ave#1
0
1004 N Van Ness
398-533-07Nguyen - ADU101118599ADUR1
Ave
0
311 W Tenth St YCU, LLC -
398-552-10101121257ADUR1
Unit# 2Detached ADU
0
2209 W Laramore
399-011-14101119195ADUR
Ln
0
2309 W Laramore Nguyen - Detached
399-011-19101120244ADUR1
Ln Unit# 2ADU
0
2302 W Laramore
399-011-38101117559ADUR
Ln 2
0
399-011-432638 N Laird StLai - Detached ADU101122826ADUR1
0
2003 N Baker St An - Detached ADU
399-072-35102118981ADUR1
Unit# 2(Conversion)
0
399-091-192417 W Edna Dr101116516ADUR
0
2039 N Victoria Dr Sitton - Detached
399-111-12101122463ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
2217 W Monica Ln New ADU
399-131-03101121920ADUR1
Unit# 2Conversion
0
2326 N Spinnaker
399-132-22Detached ADU101118994ADUR1
St Unit# 2
0
399-132-402306 N Laird St 2101115415ADUR
0
2422 W Marty Ln
399-141-14Attached JADU101124651ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2422 W Marty Ln
399-141-14Attached ADU101124652ADUR1
Unit# 3
0
NewDetachedADU,St
orage
399-142-012515 N Cotter St101120878ADUR1
Demo,&PatioMod.-
Tran&Lai
0
2301 W Marty Ln
399-143-18Nguyen - JADU101121975ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2301 W Marty Ln Nguyen - Detached
399-143-18101121976ADUR1
Unit# 3ADU
0
907 N Dianne St Attached ADU -
400-164-08101121716ADUR1
Unit# 2Suatengco
0
ADU Garage
400-251-091606 N Mabury St101122069ADUR1
Conversion
0
403-141-21151 E Warner AveNew Detached ADUs101121323ADUR
0
403-141-21153 E Warner AveNew Detached ADUs101121324ADUR
0
2044 S Orange Ave
403-162-11101111506ADUR
2
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-16 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
212 E St Andrew Pl New Detached ADU -
403-162-36101122343ADUR1
Unit# 2Romo
0
1701 S Cypress
403-182-01New Junior ADU101123054ADUR1
Ave
0
1705 S Cypress
403-182-01Detached ADU101123055ADUR1
Ave
0
New Detached ADU -
403-183-23320 E Berkeley St101121116ADUR1
Valencia
0
404-011-11901 E Myrtle St 2101118160ADUR
0
Pham - Detached
404-012-09931 E Warren St101123566ADUR1
ADU
0
404-046-07512 S Maple St 2101113398ADUR
0
315 E Camile St
404-046-12Detached ADU101119052ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
404-052-15508 S Halladay StNew ADU - Moreno101122730ADUR1
0
New Detached ADU
404-075-01314 S Halladay St& Garage Conversion 101121131ADUR
Î Truong
0
New Detached ADU
404-075-01312 S Halladay St& Garage Conversion 101121132ADUR1
- Truong0
404-085-02414 E Pine St B101118674ADUR
0
404-085-02414 E Pine St A101118673ADUR
0
Blake - Attached
404-086-01426 E Walnut St101123676ADUR1
ADU
0
Hernandez -
423 E Pine St Unit#
404-086-12Attached Garage 101121795ADUR1
E
Conversion ADU0
404-101-09116 E Camile St101117597ADUR
0
404-102-08209 E Bishop StNew Detached ADU101122603ADUR1
0
2312 W
405-013-02Washington Ave Tra - Detached ADU101121576ADUR1
Unit# 20
1324 N Fair Way Garcia - Attached
405-021-15101121824ADUR1
Unit# 101ADU
0
Garcia - Detached
405-021-151326 N Fair Way101121825ADUR1
ADU
0
405-074-301409 W Seventh StDetached ADU101122503ADUR1
0
1806 W Fifteenth Lusiani - Attached
405-091-24101119296ADUR1
St Unit# 2ADU
0
1925 W
Garcia - Detached
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122506ADUR1
ADU
Unit# B0
1927 W
Garcia ADU 440 sq.
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122507ADUR1
ft.
Unit# B0
1927 W
Garcia ADU 443 sq.
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122508ADUR1
ft.
Unit# C0
1313 N English St
405-101-31101118232ADUR
2
0
405-141-131621 W Tenth St 2101119850ADUR
0
1502 W
New ADU Garage
405-151-24Washington Ave 101122027ADUR1
Conversion Î Garcia
Unit# 20
1637 W Eleventh
405-152-43101115777ADUR
St 2
0
1014 W Third St
405-163-17ADU Conversion101121802ADUR1
Unit# 1
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-17 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1014 W Third St
405-163-17ADU Conversion101121803ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
405-183-06909 N Lowell St101116522ADUR
0
405-231-11816 N Towner St 2101118924ADUR
0
405-251-081512 N Baker St 2101120504ADUR
0
ADU - Garage
405-251-131432 N Baker St101124113ADUR1
Conversion
0
ADU Conversion -
405-251-241445 N Louise St101122961ADUR1
Adams
0
405-261-041004 N Baker St 2101119978ADUR
0
1108 N Freeman St
405-281-17101115903ADUR
2
0
1108 N Towner St
405-292-05101120573ADUR
2
0
2530 W Elder Ave
407-013-04Mata - Attached ADU101122695ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2801 W Elder Ave
407-043-16Attached ADU101120236ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
3016 W Elder Ave Pham - Attached
407-106-04101121394ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
2430 W Borchard
407-111-01101113276ADUR
Ave 2
0
2410 W Stanford Cueva - Garage
408-052-18101120958ADUR1
St Unit# 2Conversion ADU
0
2538 W California Ortiz-Garage
408-062-05101120857ADUR1
St Unit# 2Conversion to ADU
0
2536 W California
408-062-06Detached ADU101124689ADUR1
St
0
2513 W Occidental
408-062-33Herrera ADU101120739ADUR1
St Unit# 2
0
2525 W St Andrew
408-081-12Detached ADU101122197ADUR1
Pl Unit# 2
0
ADU Garage
2522 W Camden Pl
408-094-34Conversion - 101122325ADUR1
Unit# 2
Gutierrez0
2710 W Harvard St Navarro - Attached
408-211-12101124173ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
2726 W Pendleton Medina - Detached
408-225-06101121172ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2ADU
0
2301 S Glenarbor
408-232-11101117903ADUR
St 2
0
1621 S Diamond St Ngo/Le Detached
408-242-15101122113ADUR1
Unit# 2ADU
0
1623 W Pomona St
408-261-30101117685ADUR
2
0
1806 W Occidental
408-295-07101119357ADUR
St 2
0
2026 S Pacific Ave Echeverria -
408-324-15101118817ADUR1
Unit# 2Detached ADU
0
1509 W Glenwood
408-324-17101119038ADUR
Pl 2
0
1525 W Carlton Pl Southland Homes -
408-324-25101119149ADUR1
Unit# 2Detached ADU
0
1418 W St Anne Pl
408-336-09ADU Conversion101122596ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1529 W St Anne Pl
408-342-09New Attached ADU101123772ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-18 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
2066 S Poplar St
408-344-15New Attached ADU101123897ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
2019 W Camden Pl Nguyen - Garage
408-372-12101120220ADUR1
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
0
2317 W Harvard St
408-387-07New Detached ADU101123006ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
1937 S Greenville
408-392-11New Attached ADU102122387ADUR1
St Unit# 2
0
2234 S Center St
408-423-09101118665ADUR
100
0
1903 W St New ADU
408-442-07101123295ADUR1
Gertrude Pl Unit# 2Conversion
0
New Detached ADU
408-465-092223 S Rene Dr101124136ADUR1
Conversion
0
New Pre-Approved
408-466-132216 S Rene Dr101124259ADUR1
ADU
0
218 W Nobel Ave
410-032-25Tran Attached ADU101123441ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
3810 S Timber St
410-063-06ADU Conversion102121600ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
410-171-21620 W Orion AveNew Detached ADU101122438ADUR1
0
410-263-061020 W Alton AveTrang Detached ADU101123224ADUR1
0
210 W Harvey Ave
410-282-13New detached ADU101121971ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
3003 S Rosewood
410-451-10Detached ADU101122249ADUR1
Ave Unit# 2
0
Solis - Detached
411-063-15612 E Emmett St101120952ADUR1
ADU
0
31 E MacArthur New ADU Leasing
411-072-09Crescent Unit# 301 Office Conversion - 101116838ADUR
Bldg# HBRE-FMCA, LLC.0
31 E MacArthur New ADU Leasing
411-072-09Crescent Unit# 302 Office Conversion - 101116839ADUR
Bldg# HBRE-FMCA, LLC.0
1419 W Carriage Nguyen - Detached
412-012-04101121983ADUR1
DrADU
0
412-091-273117 S Center St 2101118234ADUR
0
412-151-033112 S Griset PlNew Detached ADU101122356ADUR1
0
3129 S Manitoba
412-151-24New Detached ADU101121924ADUR1
Dr Unit# 2
0
3113 S Manitoba
412-151-28Detached ADU101121673ADUR
Dr Unit# 2
0
3019 S Manitoba Garage Conversion
412-151-32101120415ADUR1
Dr Unit# 2to ADU
0
3130 S Manitoba
412-152-11Detached ADU101121498ADUR
Dr Unit# 2
0
3205 S Deegan Dr Nguy - Detached
412-152-22101120235ADUR
Unit# 2ADU
0
2326 W Moore Ave
412-161-19ADU Conversion101123284ADUR1
Unit# 2
0
New Pre-approved
412-163-073116 S Diamond St101124089ADUR1
ADU
0
3118 S Diamond St
412-163-08101109438ADUR
2
0
3109 S Artesia St Tang - Detached
412-232-28101122451ADUR
Unit# 2ADU
0
Pre-Approved
Detached ADU: 749
412-242-062311 W Flora St101125883ADUR1
SF 2B
Contermporary
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-19 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
2620 S Diamond St
412-252-02101115768ADUR
2
0
2914 S Diamond St ADU Garage
412-261-10101119022ADUR
Unit# 2Conversion - Mejia
0
1801 W Garry Ave
412-271-18101120693ADUR
2
0
New Pre-approved
412-292-022812 S Deegan Dr101124099ADUR1
ADU
0
2406 S Manitoba
412-311-10101116700ADUR
Dr 2
0
2612 S Griset Pl
412-324-53Doan-Detached ADU101120554ADUR
Unit# 2
0
2014 W Hemlock Troung - Detached
412-351-07101121890ADUR
Way Unit# 2ADU
0
2401 S Raitt St Attached ADU
412-391-21101123569ADUR
Unit# 2Project
0
309 N Mountain
100-281-42101111367SFAO
View St0
313 N Mountain
100-281-42101111369SFAO
View St0
311 N Mountain
100-281-42101111368SFAO
View St0
303 N Mountain
100-281-42101111358SFAO
View St0
307 N Mountain
100-281-42101111366SFAO
View St0
317 N Mountain
100-281-42101111371SFAO
View St0
315 N Mountain
100-281-42101111370SFAO
View St0
305 N Mountain
100-281-42101111360SFAO
View St0
198-101-071124 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124395SFAO
0
198-101-071126 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124396SFAO
0
198-101-071128 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124397SFAO
0
198-101-071130 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124398SFAO
0
198-101-071132 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124399SFAO
0
198-101-071134 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124400SFAO
0
198-101-071136 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124401SFAO
0
198-101-071138 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124402SFAO0
071140 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124403SFAO
198-101-0
198-101-071142 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124404SFAO
0
402-061-10707 S Lyon St101116463SFAO
0
402-061-10593 S Lyon St101116420SFAO
0
402-061-10615 S Lyon St101116430SFAO
0
402-061-10621 S Lyon St101116432SFAO
0
402-061-10657 S Lyon St101116444SFAO
0
402-061-10663 S Lyon St101116446SFAO
0
402-061-10687 S Lyon St101116457SFAO
0
402-061-10703 S Lyon St101116461SFAO
0
402-061-10705 S Lyon St101116462SFAO
0
402-061-10595 S Lyon St101116421SFAO
0
402-061-10603 S Lyon St101116424SFAO
0
402-061-10605 S Lyon St101116425SFAO0
402-061-10613 S Lyon St101116429SFAO0
402-061-10617 S Lyon St101116431SFAO0
402-061-10625 S Lyon St101116434SFAO0
402-061-10631 S Lyon St101116437SFAO0
402-061-10653 S Lyon St101116442SFAO0
402-061-10591 S Lyon St101116419SFAO0
402-061-10611 S Lyon St101116428SFAO0
402-061-10623 S Lyon St101116433SFAO0
402-061-10627 S Lyon St101116435SFAO0
402-061-10629 S Lyon St101116436SFAO0
402-061-10637 S Lyon St101116440SFAO0
402-061-10651 S Lyon St101116441SFAO0
402-061-10667 S Lyon St101116448SFAO0
402-061-10669 S Lyon St101116449SFAO
0
402-061-10673 S Lyon St101116451SFAO
0
402-061-10655 S Lyon St101116443SFAO
0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-20 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
402-061-10665 S Lyon St101116447SFAO0
402-061-10675 S Lyon St101116452SFAO
0
402-061-10677 S Lyon St101116453SFAO
0
402-061-10681 S Lyon St101116454SFAO
0
402-061-10683 S Lyon St101116455SFAO
0
402-061-10685 S Lyon St101116456SFAO
0
402-061-10691 S Lyon St101116459SFAO
0
402-061-10709 S Lyon St101116464SFAO
0
402-061-10597 S Lyon St101116422SFAO
0
402-061-10601 S Lyon St101116423SFAO
0
402-061-10607 S Lyon St101116426SFAO
0
402-061-10609 S Lyon St101116427SFAO
0
402-061-10633 S Lyon St101116438SFAO
0
402-061-10635 S Lyon St101116439SFAO
0
402-061-10661 S Lyon St101116445SFAO
0
402-061-10671 S Lyon St101116450SFAO
0
402-061-10693 S Lyon St101116460SFAO
0
402-211-101816 E First St 450101113096SFAO
0
402-211-101818 E First St 510101113098SFAO
0
402-211-101818 E First St 520101113099SFAO
0
402-211-101816 E First St 400101113091SFAO
0
402-211-101816 E First St 410101113092SFAO
0
402-211-101816 E First St 420101113093SFAO
0
402-211-101816 E First St 430101113094SFAO
0
402-211-101816 E First St 440101113095SFAO
0
402-211-101814 E First St 300101113085SFAO
0
402-211-101814 E First St 330101113088SFAO
0
402-211-101814 E First St 340101113089SFAO
0
402-211-101814 E First St 320101113087SFAO
0
402-211-101814 E First St 310101113086SFAO
0
402-211-101814 E First St 350101113090SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 110101113069SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 240101113080SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 250101113081SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 100101113068SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 210101113077SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 220101113078SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 230101113079SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 270101113083SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 150101113073SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 160101113074SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 170101113075SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 260101113082SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 280101113084SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 120101113070SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 130101113071SFAO
0
402-211-101810 E First St 140101113072SFAO
0
402-211-101812 E First St 200101113076SFAO
0
1919 W
Habitat For Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119603SFAO1
- 6-Unit Development
Unit# 10
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-21 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table A2
Annual Building Activity Report Summary - New Construction, Entitled, Permits and Completed Units
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes - Completed EntitlementAffordability by Household Incomes - Building Permits
147
2356
Acutely Acutely Extremely Extremely
Unit Category
TenureAcutely Low- Extremely Extremely Very Low- Moderate- Moderate- Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate-
Local Acutely Low- Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income AboveEntitlement# of Units Low- Low- Low- Low-
(SFA,SFD,2
Income Non Low- Income Low- Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Non
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Income Deed Income Deed Deed Non Deed Moderate-Date Approvedissued Income Income Non Income Income Non
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterDeed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeEntitlementsDeed Deed Deed Deed
O=OwnerRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted
1919 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119604SFAO1
Six New Units
Unit# 20
1921 W
-
Habitat for Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119605SFAO1
Six New Units
Unit# 1
0
1921 W
-
Habitat for Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119606SFAO1
Six New Units
Unit# 2
0
1923 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119607SFAO1
Six New Units
Unit# 1
0
1923 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119608SFAO1
Six New Units
Unit# 2
0
Mai - New SFD,
007-163-181834 W Third StJADU, and Detached 101120601SFDR
ADU0
2033 S Evergreen
014-122-27101114946SFDO
St0
108-072-28430 S Euclid St101101502SFDO0
198-311-121413 N Hastings St101113491SFDO0
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-22 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Planning
6th Cycle
Period 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of Occupancy
Assistance and/or Deed
StreamliningHistoric SitesInfill
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below6131600470024044638
402-191-032020 E First StreetMeritage HomesDP-2024-14SFA00NONENYDB
Santa Ana 9
144-311-15205 S Harbor BlvdDP-2024-12SFA00NONENYDB
Townhomes
Olive Crest
400-091-232130 E Fourth StDP-2023-325+00NONENYDB
Transitional Housing
501 S Harbor - 30
144-303-03501 S Harbor BlvdTownhome DP-2024-2SFA00NONENYINC
Development
Nguyen - Duplex Unit
398-533-07601 W Tenth St1011186012 TO 426/25/202520NONENY
#1
New Duplex & Two
2246 S Cypress
403-141-2127/22/202520NONENY
Detached ADUs - 1011213222 TO 4
Ave
Alan Shen
322 N. Harbor Blvd.
198-051-17322 N Harbor BlvdResidential 1011208425+2012/22/2025220NONENY
Development
801 E Santa Ana
01617/14/202517NONENYDB
398-303-041011087365+
Blvd
04713/27/202548NONENYRDA, PBS8, OtherDB, Other
398-523-041411 N Broadway1011130555+
Olive Crest
400-091-232150 E Fourth St1011213835+411/5/202570NONEYYOther, PBS8DB, Other
Transitional Housing
Olive Crest
811/5/202580NONENY
400-091-232160 E Fourth St1011213855+
Transitional Housing
02471/8/2025247NONENY
430-222-242350 S Redhill Ave1011072485+
430-222-242010 E Warner Ave1011072455+03001/23/2025300NONENY
1905 W Eighteenth Espino ADU
8/20/202510NONENY
001-032-17101123656ADU
St Unit# 2Conversion
2402 N Hesperian
011/10/20251NONENY
001-052-16101119935ADU
St 2
1525 W Marion Garage Conversion
1/16/202510NONENY
001-063-11101118792ADU
Wayto ADU
2102 N Pacific Ave
017/3/20251NONENY
001-071-12101110002ADU
2
1005 W Buffalo
001-181-15101117412ADU011/21/20251NONENY
Ave 2
1009 W River Ln
001-231-05Detached ADU101123560ADU8/21/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
401 W Jonquil Rd Nguyen - Detached
002-037-32101123020ADU7/31/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1908 N Greenleaf Garage Conversion
002-091-09101120713ADU4/21/2025119/8/20251NONENY
St Unit# 2to ADU
2021 N Greenleaf
002-103-11101116173ADU014/2/20251NONENY
St 2
ADU Garage
2414 N Bonnie
002-123-03Conversion Î 101122160ADU5/2/202510NONENY
Brae Unit# 2
Iammarino
326 W Eighteenth
002-153-06101111688SFD012/10/20251NONENY
St
326 W Eighteenth
101111690ADU
002-153-06012/10/20251NONENY
St 2
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-23 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1014 W Fairbrook
002-243-05101118040ADU012/10/20251NONENY
Ln
Kelly - Detached
003-033-022559 N Valencia St101123415ADU7/22/20251112/22/20251NONENY
ADU
620 1/2 E Virginia Orozco ADU Garage
003-033-11102123858ADU112/18/202510NONENY
AveConversion
2310 N Spurgeon
003-061-11ADU101123595ADU8/12/202510NONENY
St
2351 N Spurgeon New Attached ADU -
003-072-25101122257ADU8/11/202510NONENY
StPockett
2413 N Poinsettia
003-081-16Grange ADU101122079ADU6/23/202510NONENY
St
2425 N Valencia St Canada Residence
003-082-09101120076ADU5/19/202510NONENY
Unit# 2New ADU
2425 N Valencia St Canada Residence
003-082-09101124698ADU12/8/202510NONENY
Unit# 2New ADU
2314 N Larchmont Garage Conversion
003-100-19101121195ADU5/22/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2to ADU
2426 N Larchmont NV Garage
003-100-31101123282ADU11/17/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2Conversion
2012 N Bush St JC IMP EXP -
003-113-09101121423ADU2/21/20251111/17/20251NONENY
Unit# 100Detached ADU
2012 N Bush St JC IMP EXP -
003-113-09101121424ADU2/21/20251111/6/20251NONENY
Unit# 101Detached ADU
1710 N Spurgeon Amezcua - Ground
003-141-16101120106ADU6/5/202510NONENY
St Unit# 100Floor ADU
1710 N Spurgeon Amezcua - Second
003-141-16101120107ADU6/5/202510NONENY
St Unit# 200Floor ADU
004-020-201515 N King St 2101115759ADU015/14/20251NONENY
004-030-101407 N King StNew Detached ADU101123590ADU7/25/202510NONENY
1915 W Fifteenth
004-044-12Detached ADU101123061ADU6/2/202510NONENY
St
1314 W Eleventh
004-111-16101119216ADU015/13/20251NONENY
St 2
2217 W Civic
004-153-16101119459ADU014/21/20251NONENY
Center Dr 2
2018 W Eleventh
004-173-20101112102ADU0110/20/20251NONENY
St 2
2010 W Alco Ave New Detached ADU
004-184-50101121972ADU4/20/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Î Huynh
810 N English St
004-184-51Detached ADU101120532ADU5/6/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2315 W Sixth St Garage Conversion
007-021-04101124466ADU12/4/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1834 W Third St
007-163-18Mai - JADU101120602ADU3/21/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
1834 W Third St
007-163-18Mai - Detached ADU101120603ADU3/21/202510NONENY
Unit# 3
New ADU
1428 W Second St
007-191-01Conversion and 101123565ADU11/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
Addition
1613 W Chestnut
007-224-24101120771ADU0110/27/20251NONENY
Ave 2
1613 W Chestnut
007-224-24101120772ADU0110/27/20251NONENY
Ave 3
007-264-131727 W Pine St 2101117397ADU017/16/20251NONENY
007-264-171703 W Pine St 3101113574ADU014/23/20251NONENY
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-24 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
517 N Sunset St
007-312-15New JADU - Tran101122790ADU8/11/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
517 N Sunset St
007-312-15New ADU - Tran101122791ADU8/11/202510NONENY
Unit# 3
1112 W Sixth St
008-083-06Vu - Detached ADU101120611ADU6/24/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
Herrera-Torres -
008-131-081222 W Second St101123691ADU6/26/20251112/3/20251NONENY
Detached ADU
New Pre-Approved
008-213-16927 W Pine StADU - Contemporary 101123211ADU4/18/202510NONENY
749 sq ft
1239 W Chestnut Rodriguez -
008-231-09101122481ADU8/27/202510NONENY
AveDetached ADU
916 W Myrtle St Addition, ADU, and
008-242-23101124010ADU10/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2JADU
Addition, ADU, and
008-242-23918 W Myrtle St101124011ADU10/17/202510NONENY
JADU Project
010-011-39423 S Center StNew Detached ADU101124253ADU12/23/202510NONENY
010-053-20502 S Forest Ave 2101120748ADU019/3/20251NONENY
010-063-15522 S Raitt St 2101118251ADU014/10/20251NONENY
Nguyen-Detached
010-112-121127 W Bishop St101119683ADU4/29/202510NONENY
ADU
010-131-07523 S Flower StDetached ADU101119725ADU1/8/20251112/10/20251NONENY
622 S Sycamore St
010-153-13101112729ADU014/18/20251NONENY
2
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119135ADU016/9/20251NONENY
Ave E
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119649ADU016/9/20251NONENY
Ave D
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119648ADU016/9/20251NONENY
Ave C
1210 W Highland New Attached JADU
010-182-39101119136ADU2/3/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2Î Cruz
Detached ADU
1212 W Highland
010-182-39Address Change - 101119305ADU2/3/202510NONENY
St
Cruz
1039 W Highland
010-191-09Monsour - ADU101121883ADU6/24/20251112/18/20251NONENY
St Unit# A
1039 W Highland
010-191-09Monsour - ADU101121884ADU6/24/20251112/18/20251NONENY
St Unit# B
724 S Van Ness
010-203-13New Detached ADU101122395ADU4/3/20251110/6/20251NONENY
Ave
010-221-05817 S Ross St 2101116708ADU011/7/20251NONENY
Landa - Detached
010-222-03811 S Birch St101124271ADU8/20/202510NONENY
ADU
010-222-05819 S Birch StNew Detached ADU101123913ADU9/25/202510NONENY
Detached Garage
010-251-03907 S Flower St101123325ADU12/30/202510NONENY
Conversion
941 W McFadden
010-263-30Garage Conversion102123158ADU11/4/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2
1219 W Cubbon St
010-271-13101117575ADU0110/7/20251NONENY
2
443 S Spruce St
010-292-04Detached ADU101122322ADU5/30/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
010-301-252325 W Mark St101118551ADU011/8/20251NONENY
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-25 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
011-043-13334 E Bishop St 2101117495ADU014/2/20251NONENY
326 E Grant St Serna - Detached
011-044-09101121859ADU3/10/20251112/15/20251NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
908 S Orange Ave
011-052-20New JADU101121013ADU1/8/2025112/24/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
1014 S Cypress
011-061-09101119455ADU0112/10/20251NONENY
Ave 100
1014 S Cypress
011-061-09101119456ADU0112/10/20251NONENY
Ave 101
328 E Harwood Pl
011-065-10101120819ADU013/27/20251NONENY
2
011-075-211022 S Hickory StDetached ADU101120004ADU00NONENY
1015 S Hickory St
011-076-04101113871ADU0112/9/20251NONENY
2
011-084-03911 S Kilson Dr 2101117090ADU0110/3/20251NONENY
Nguyen - New
011-095-27724 S Halladay StDetached ADU 101121923ADU5/12/202510NONENY
(Garage Conversion)
849 E McFadden
011-224-15101117338ADU011/27/20251NONENY
Ave 2
1118 S Baker St
013-012-07Garage Conversion101124262ADU9/16/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
1101 S Magnolia
013-012-17101109392ADU017/8/20251NONENY
Ave 2
1123 S Magnolia New ADU Garage
013-012-28102120229ADU2/13/2025117/9/20251NONENY
Ave Unit# 2Conversion
1119 W Russell
013-014-12Detached ADU101124098ADU9/22/202510NONENY
Ave
1142 S Shelton St Rompus Room to
013-014-23101118609ADU4/2/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1401 S Rosewood
013-051-01Attached JADU101119241ADU4/17/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2
1401 S Rosewood
013-051-01Attached ADU101119242ADU10NONENY
Ave Unit# 3
4/17/2025
1145 S Shelton St Scott-Prefabricated
013-061-14101121577ADU4/22/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1333 S Lowell St
013-084-19Attached ADU101120575ADU117/28/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
1/28/2025
1105 S Parton St
013-093-02New Detached ADU101121903ADU5/29/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
013-102-201226 S Parton St 2101120077ADU0110/23/20251NONENY
Solis - Detached
013-132-191426 S Parton St101121970ADU6/18/202510NONENY
ADU
Garage Conversion
013-141-19419 W Russell Ave101123029ADU10/20/202510NONENY
ADU
013-142-201130 S Broadway 2101116588ADU017/3/20251NONENY
1232 S Sycamore Garage Conversion
013-153-26102123400ADU12/4/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2ADU - Flamenco
Torres - Detached
013-182-061513 S Birch StADU and Leagalize 102122347ADU7/23/202510NONENY
Shed and Patio
013-192-111603 S Parton StNew Detached ADU101122995ADU9/11/202510NONENY
Two-Story ADU
013-193-20541 W Pomona St101120821ADU1/14/202510NONENY
Conversion
1010 W Edinger
013-215-28Detached ADU101123706ADU11/17/202510NONENY
Ave
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-26 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1702 S Garnsey St Torre - Detached
013-244-01101121989ADU6/16/2025111/23/20261NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
014-093-342069 S Oak St 2101116657ADU011/23/20251NONENY
Galaviz Detached
014-094-442016 S Oak St101122989ADU7/12/202510NONENY
ADU
014-101-131927 S Hickory StGuzman - ADU102121150ADU2/11/2025118/11/20251NONENY
2018 S Evergreen Castillo - Garage
014-112-04101121358ADU1/22/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2Conversion ADU
2029 S Halladay St
014-113-28NV- ADU Conversion101122580ADU4/29/20251110/8/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
1907 S Evergreen
014-121-01Pham-Detached ADU101121984ADU6/18/20251112/16/20251NONENY
St
1909 S Evergreen
014-121-01Pham-Detached ADU101121985ADU6/18/20251112/16/20251NONENY
St
2033 S Evergreen
014-122-27101114947ADU0110/31/20251NONENY
St 2
2069 S Evergreen
014-122-41New Detached ADU101122854ADU10/22/202510NONENY
St
616 E McFadden
014-203-02Pre-Approved ADU101124166ADU9/4/202510NONENY
Ave
1251 S Evergreen
014-222-07101115865ADU016/13/20251NONENY
St 2
1231 S Oak St
014-232-30Attached ADU101122329ADU8/5/20251112/9/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
1606 S Halladay St
014-393-26Attached ADU101121170ADU1/13/2025114/4/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
014-424-08814 E Elder Ave 2101119446ADU013/21/20251NONENY
Mendoza - Detached
015-042-041717 S Parton St101122831ADU9/8/202510NONENY
ADU
015-052-01316 W Pomona St101118096ADU0111/4/20251NONENY
015-052-01318 W Pomona St101118097ADU0111/4/20251NONENY
2022 S Sycamore
015-067-12101114894ADU014/15/20251NONENY
St 2
2148 S Broadway
015-082-24Attached ADU101119541ADU1/7/20251111/18/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
Ocegueda -
015-091-01414 W Anahurst Pl101121647ADU6/3/202510NONENY
Detached ADU
2037 S Garnsey St N/V - Lopez - Garage
015-123-04102119036ADU4/10/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
New Detached
015-123-072051 S Garnsey St101122391ADU5/2/202510NONENY
Garage Conversion
015-134-121932 S Ross St 2101117198ADU011/10/20251NONENY
2024 S Garnsey St Granados - Detached
015-135-12101121258ADU4/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
740 W St Andrew Garcia - Detached
015-136-13101122260ADU7/9/202510NONENY
PlADU
New Detached ADU -
015-155-022035 S Olive St101122473ADU6/19/202510NONENY
Maldonado
015-172-222232 S Lowell StDetached ADU101123271ADU10/15/202510NONENY
Hassan - Garage
015-174-35928 W Anahurst Pl101122694ADU6/27/202510NONENY
ADU Conversion
2124 S Magnolia New Pre-approved
015-194-06101124675ADU8/20/202510NONENY
AveADU
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-27 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
015-202-092235 S Park Dr 2101111280ADU014/15/20251NONENY
015-203-092134 S Park Dr 2101117031ADU018/6/20251NONENY
2405 S Cypress
016-033-29101118966ADU014/3/20251NONENY
Ave
016-105-18940 E Anahurst Pl101120172ADU019/15/20251NONENY
820 N Euclid St
099-203-48Nguyen Î JADU101122006ADU5/2/2025118/19/20251NONENY
Unit# 1
5405 W Roosevelt
099-211-03101116316ADU017/25/20251NONENY
Ave 2
Insixiengmay -
099-222-07315 N Maxine St101122305ADU12/25/202510NONENY
Detached ADU
099-232-025419 W Third StNgo - Detached ADU101123262ADU8/5/202510NONENY
5413 W Second St
099-232-28101111643ADU0112/24/20251NONENY
2
099-531-535522 W Silver Dr 2101113621ADU018/26/20251NONENY
100-241-475017 W Sixth St 2101119638ADU019/3/20251NONENY
913 N Rosita St Nguyen - Detached
100-444-29101121582ADU4/29/20251112/23/20251NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
4721 W Oakfield
100-456-24101115738ADU013/24/20251NONENY
Ave 3
4721 W Oakfield
100-456-24101115737ADU013/24/20251NONENY
Ave 2
701 N Mountain
100-533-10101117731ADU017/10/20251NONENY
View St 2
4810 W Sixth St
100-581-14New ADU101122162ADU5/2/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
609 N Jenkins St
100-582-12New Attached ADU101123532ADU12/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2517 W
De Santiago -
101-121-04Huckleberry Rd 101121526ADU6/25/20251110/13/20251NONENY
Detached ADU
Unit# 2
2719 W
101-121-17New Detached ADU101123548ADU7/30/20251110/30/20251NONENY
Huckleberry Rd
2726 W Strawberry
101-121-28Detached ADU101121202ADU3/17/20251110/13/20251NONENY
Ln Unit# 2
2714 W Strawberry
101-121-31New Detached ADU101122291ADU6/18/202510NONENY
Ln Unit# 2
2121 N Lewis St Freudengerger -
101-561-19101122606ADU11/10/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Detached ADU
2101 W Avalon N/V - ADU Garage
101-582-07101122384ADU5/16/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2Conversion - Hurtado
108-072-28430 1/2 S Euclid St101101503ADU015/1/20251NONENY
108-102-144618 W Roy Cir 2101115440ADU015/1/20251NONENY
Perez Residence
108-114-11304 S Andres Pl101119109ADU2/26/202510NONENY
ADU
4715 W McFadden
108-131-37New Attached ADU101123541ADU11/25/202510NONENY
Ave
4806 W Jason Ln
108-331-11ADU Conversion102122902ADU7/7/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
1133 S Austin St
108-332-03Detached ADU101121510ADU11/14/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
1202 S Karen Ave
108-334-17101113857ADU011/8/20251NONENY
2
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-28 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1220 S Newhope
108-335-29Abe - Detached ADU101122300ADU5/1/202510NONENY
St
Gutierrez - New
108-342-021015 S Austin St101122501ADU6/4/2025111/13/20261NONENY
Detached ADU
108-344-011005 S Virlee St 2101118024ADU014/29/20251NONENY
1008 S Newhope Nguyen Residence -
108-345-18101124240ADU11/20/202510NONENY
StNew Detached ADU
4914 W Flight Ave
108-365-06Chi-Detached ADU101120716ADU1/22/20251110/22/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
108-383-131206 S Corta Dr 2101111561ADU0110/23/20251NONENY
1129 S Corta Dr Ngo - Garage
108-384-03101121838ADU3/25/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
632 S Genoa Dr
108-401-02New Attached ADU101120934ADU9/25/202510NONENY
Unit# -
602 S Genoa Dr Mikail - Attached
108-401-08101120781ADU8/22/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
5604 W Highland
108-504-36101119018ADU012/3/20251NONENY
St 2
746 S Deming St
108-562-06Quan-JADU101121003ADU1/22/2025116/11/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
746 S Deming St Quan-ADU
108-562-06101121004ADU1/22/2025116/11/20251NONENY
Unit# 3Conversion
Nguyen - Detached
108-562-095412 W Kedge Ave101123584ADU8/12/202510NONENY
ADU
907 S Shannon St
108-602-34ADU Conversion101122409ADU7/14/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
904 S Shannon St
108-604-10101116996ADU0110/14/20251NONENY
2
3918 W Crystal Ln
108-721-08101119540ADU014/2/20251NONENY
2
Detached ADU
108-731-031030 S Gates StGarage Conversion - 101122331ADU4/22/202510NONENY
Garcia
918 S Pacific Ave
109-061-02ADU Conversion101123426ADU9/24/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
909 S Pacific Ave Garage Conversion
109-062-03101121897ADU10/28/202510NONENY
Unit# 2to ADU
1329 W McFadden
109-064-29New Attached ADU101121764ADU4/22/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2
2320 W Dahl Ln Villegas - Attached
109-081-23101121144ADU3/10/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1142 S Clara St Detached Two-Story
109-091-41101119966ADU8/15/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1245 1/2 S Sullivan
109-092-24101105622ADU019/18/20251NONENY
St
1140 S Golden
109-092-42101110744ADU018/13/20251NONENY
West Ave 1
1138 S Golden
109-092-42101110742ADU018/14/20251NONENY
West Ave
1321 S Pacific Ave
109-273-06101115182ADU012/6/20251NONENY
2
814 S Hesperian St
109-344-16New Detached ADU101121626ADU3/19/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
1401 W Highland
109-344-25101118576ADU018/18/20251NONENY
St 2
1401 W Highland Luti Properties 010,
109-344-25101121657ADU3/6/2025118/18/20251NONENY
St Unit# 3LLC - JADU
1629 W Highland
109-351-32ADU Conversion101121849ADU7/22/20251110/29/20251NONENY
St Unit# 2
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-29 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1602 W Brook St
109-362-01Tran - Detached ADU101120778ADU11/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
109-443-061114 S Wood St 2101114054ADU0111/26/20251NONENY
109-444-112120 W Dahl LnNew Detached ADU101122799ADU11/14/202510NONENY
1906 1/2 W Elder
109-525-17101105242ADU0110/20/20251NONENY
Ave
710 S Raitt St
109-611-02Garage Conversion101119073ADU2/12/202510NONENY
Unit# 11
718 S Raitt St
109-611-03Garage Conversion101119074ADU2/12/202510NONENY
Unit# 11
3314 W Borchard New Detached ADU -
109-664-20101122335ADU10/7/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2Hernandez
Phung - Pre-
109-671-303024 W Lingan Ln101125480ADU12/2/202510NONENY
Approved - ADU
109-675-151134 S Arapaho DrNew Detached ADU101122778ADU6/9/202510NONENY
513 S King St Unit# Garage Conversion
109-781-27101121739ADU2/5/2025117/11/20251NONENY
2to ADU
109-821-10401 S Huron Dr 2101109606ADU012/24/20251NONENY
2923 W Raymar St Garage Conversion
109-832-19101121768ADU7/30/202510NONENY
Unit# 2to ADU
524 S Shawnee Dr
109-833-17Attached ADU101120570ADU2/6/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2730 S Pacific Ave
140-281-33101115020ADU013/7/20251NONENY
2
Gutierrez - Garage
144-331-12336 S Laurel St101121977ADU3/18/202510NONENY
Conversion ADU
144-361-29907 S Bewley St 2101119697ADU014/17/20251NONENY
Nguyen - Detached
144-362-013620 W Roberts Dr101124629ADU12/22/202510NONENY
ADU
702 S Susan St Villalpando -
144-521-01101121841ADU4/14/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Attached ADU
825 S Flintridge Dr
188-061-12Ngo - JADU101121229ADU6/16/2025119/30/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
718 S Flintridge Dr
188-062-04Mai - Detached ADU101119235ADU3/25/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
5113 W Roberts Dr
188-062-25101113865ADU015/14/20251NONENY
3
5113 W Roberts Dr
188-062-25101113864ADU015/14/20251NONENY
2
5121 W Roberts Dr
188-062-27Tran - Detached ADU101119307ADU3/19/20251112/9/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
188-063-095124 W Roberts DrVu - Detached ADU101123080ADU6/16/20251111/19/20251NONENY
733 S Toland St Nguyen - Detached
188-081-07101122323ADU9/11/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
188-102-19829 S Elliott Pl 2101119220ADU013/20/20251NONENY
Truong - Detached
198-021-011225 N West St101121607ADU6/8/202510NONENY
ADU
4009 W Hazard
198-021-30101113421ADU014/1/20251NONENY
Ave 2
3925 W Hazard Nguyen - Detached
198-021-33101122459ADU5/1/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2ADU
198-023-091102 N West St 2101109950ADU0110/31/20251NONENY
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-30 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1222 N Jackson St Garcia - Single-Story
198-102-06101121401ADU8/19/202510NONENY
Unit# AADU
1222 N Jackson St Garcia - Two-Story
198-102-06101121403ADU8/19/202510NONENY
Unit# BADU
1409 N Glenarbor
198-141-03101115519ADU0112/16/20251NONENY
St 3
1409 N Glenarbor
198-141-03101115518ADU0112/16/20251NONENY
St 2
1207 N Glenarbor
198-141-13Detached ADU101123162ADU9/11/202510NONENY
St
1219 N Mar-Les
198-151-22New Detached ADU101124611ADU12/11/202510NONENY
West Dr
618 N Figueroa St New Detached ADU
198-162-13101120072ADU1/10/202510NONENY
Unit# CÎ Moreno
198-181-18122 N Bewley St 2101117071ADU019/17/20251NONENY
New ADU -
198-231-10916 N Bewley StIllumination 101118571ADU5/7/202510NONENY
Foundation
198-242-31209 N Bewley St 2101119478ADU014/21/20251NONENY
Garage Conversion
198-252-08326 N Laurel St101120947ADU2/10/20251111/13/20251NONENY
to ADU
4413 W Sunswept
198-301-12Attached ADU101122116ADU8/6/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2
4310 W Sunswept
198-302-02101115749ADU011/8/20251NONENY
Ave 2
1413 N Hastings St
198-311-12101113492ADU015/29/20251NONENY
2
198-311-151403 N Hastings StDetached ADU101120338ADU1/21/202510NONENY
4406 W Maurie Ave
198-323-03ADU Conversion101121218ADU6/2/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2220 N Richmond
396-012-15New Detached ADU101123780ADU11/24/202510NONENY
St
2224 N Concord St
396-051-19Detached ADU101120598ADU4/2/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
396-072-312102 N Wright St 2101117956ADU013/7/20251NONENY
2406 N Old Grand
396-241-11101110438ADU015/15/20251NONENY
St 2
2610 N Ponderosa ADU Conversion -
396-271-13101122754ADU7/28/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2Elias
2617 N Deodar St Casas - Garage
396-273-12101119933ADU6/3/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
2602 N Deodar St
396-274-24ADU Conversion101119326ADU7/1/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
ADU Garage
396-314-0313914 N Deodar St101124349ADU10/20/202510NONENY
Conversion
621 E Edgewood Detached ADU -
396-422-27101124001ADU10/16/202510NONENY
RdGettler
1102 N French St N/V Garage
398-027-19101123317ADU8/21/202510NONENY
Unit# BConversion
1102 N French St
398-027-19Detached ADU101123318ADU8/21/202510NONENY
Unit# C
315 E Sixteenth St
398-123-07101112995ADU018/25/20251NONENY
2
1407 N Spurgeon
398-134-05Detached ADU101122521ADU8/26/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2
398-286-08314 S Broadway 3101112285ADU013/26/20251NONENY
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-31 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
398-286-08314 S Broadway 2101112284ADU013/26/20251NONENY
398-292-18420 S Broadway101114877ADU012/6/20251NONENY
398-293-10439 S Broadway101118613ADU014/28/20251NONENY
208 N Hathaway St
398-451-07101115916ADU014/4/20251NONENY
2
Lopez - Detached
398-481-20617 E Third St101122601ADU4/10/2025119/18/20251NONENY
ADU
Sanchez - Detached
398-483-02808 E Fourth St101122558ADU5/16/20251110/17/20251NONENY
ADU
398-531-221123 N Flower St101116725ADU0110/20/20251NONENY
1002 N Van Ness Nguyen - ADU Unit
398-533-07101118598ADU6/18/202510NONENY
Ave#1
1004 N Van Ness
398-533-07Nguyen - ADU101118599ADU6/18/202510NONENY
Ave
311 W Tenth St YCU, LLC -
398-552-10101121257ADU2/25/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Detached ADU
2209 W Laramore
399-011-14101119195ADU0110/2/20251NONENY
Ln
2309 W Laramore Nguyen - Detached
399-011-19101120244ADU5/8/202510NONENY
Ln Unit# 2ADU
2302 W Laramore
399-011-38101117559ADU014/14/20251NONENY
Ln 2
399-011-432638 N Laird StLai - Detached ADU101122826ADU10/23/202510NONENY
2003 N Baker St An - Detached ADU
399-072-35102118981ADU1/22/202510NONENY
Unit# 2(Conversion)
399-091-192417 W Edna Dr101116516ADU016/4/20251NONENY
2039 N Victoria Dr Sitton - Detached
399-111-12101122463ADU4/28/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
2217 W Monica Ln New ADU
399-131-03101121920ADU3/19/2025117/22/20251NONENY
Unit# 2Conversion
2326 N Spinnaker
399-132-22Detached ADU101118994ADU4/2/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2
399-132-402306 N Laird St 2101115415ADU011/22/20251NONENY
2422 W Marty Ln
399-141-14Attached JADU101124651ADU11/19/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2422 W Marty Ln
399-141-14Attached ADU101124652ADU11/19/202510NONENY
Unit# 3
NewDetachedADU,St
orage
399-142-012515 N Cotter St101120878ADU4/30/202510NONENY
Demo,&PatioMod.-
Tran&Lai
2301 W Marty Ln
399-143-18Nguyen - JADU101121975ADU8/12/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2301 W Marty Ln Nguyen - Detached
399-143-18101121976ADU8/12/202510NONENY
Unit# 3ADU
907 N Dianne St Attached ADU -
400-164-08101121716ADU8/20/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Suatengco
ADU Garage
400-251-091606 N Mabury St101122069ADU4/24/202510NONENY
Conversion
403-141-21151 E Warner AveNew Detached ADUs101121323ADU17/22/202510NONENY
403-141-21153 E Warner AveNew Detached ADUs101121324ADU17/22/202510NONENY
2044 S Orange Ave
403-162-11101111506ADU011/16/20251NONENY
2
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-32 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
212 E St Andrew Pl New Detached ADU -
403-162-36101122343ADU3/27/2025119/9/20251NONENY
Unit# 2Romo
1701 S Cypress
403-182-01New Junior ADU101123054ADU10/2/202510NONENY
Ave
1705 S Cypress
403-182-01Detached ADU101123055ADU12/11/202510NONENY
Ave
New Detached ADU -
403-183-23320 E Berkeley St101121116ADU7/14/202510NONENY
Valencia
404-011-11901 E Myrtle St 2101118160ADU017/24/20251NONENY
Pham - Detached
404-012-09931 E Warren St101123566ADU8/5/202510NONENY
ADU
404-046-07512 S Maple St 2101113398ADU016/9/20251NONENY
315 E Camile St
404-046-12Detached ADU101119052ADU3/26/20251110/28/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
404-052-15508 S Halladay StNew ADU - Moreno101122730ADU11/26/202510NONENY
New Detached ADU
404-075-01314 S Halladay St& Garage Conversion 101121131ADU110/2/202510NONENY
Î Truong
New Detached ADU
404-075-01312 S Halladay St& Garage Conversion 101121132ADU10/2/202510NONENY
- Truong
404-085-02414 E Pine St B101118674ADU019/23/20251NONENY
404-085-02414 E Pine St A101118673ADU019/23/20251NONENY
Blake - Attached
404-086-01426 E Walnut St101123676ADU5/22/202510NONENY
ADU
Hernandez -
423 E Pine St Unit#
404-086-12Attached Garage 101121795ADU7/23/202510NONENY
E
Conversion ADU
404-101-09116 E Camile St101117597ADU012/24/20251NONENY
404-102-08209 E Bishop StNew Detached ADU101122603ADU6/18/202510NONENY
2312 W
405-013-02Washington Ave Tra - Detached ADU101121576ADU3/6/20251111/25/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
1324 N Fair Way Garcia - Attached
405-021-15101121824ADU5/19/202510NONENY
Unit# 101ADU
Garcia - Detached
405-021-151326 N Fair Way101121825ADU5/19/202510NONENY
ADU
405-074-301409 W Seventh StDetached ADU101122503ADU9/24/202510NONENY
1806 W Fifteenth Lusiani - Attached
405-091-24101119296ADU4/30/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2ADU
1925 W
Garcia - Detached
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122506ADU10/7/202510NONENY
ADU
Unit# B
1927 W
Garcia ADU 440 sq.
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122507ADU10/7/202510NONENY
ft.
Unit# B
1927 W
Garcia ADU 443 sq.
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122508ADU10/7/202510NONENY
ft.
Unit# C
1313 N English St
405-101-31101118232ADU014/15/20251NONENY
2
405-141-131621 W Tenth St 2101119850ADU016/19/20251NONENY
1502 W
New ADU Garage
405-151-24Washington Ave 101122027ADU6/23/202510NONENY
Conversion Î Garcia
Unit# 2
6
137 W Eleventh
405-152-43101115777ADU0112/4/20251NONENY
St 2
1014 W Third St
405-163-17ADU Conversion101121802ADU4/10/202510NONENY
Unit# 1
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-33 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1014 W Third St
405-163-17ADU Conversion101121803ADU4/10/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
405-183-06909 N Lowell St101116522ADU011/29/20251NONENY
405-231-11816 N Towner St 2101118924ADU016/11/20251NONENY
405-251-081512 N Baker St 2101120504ADU0110/17/20251NONENY
ADU - Garage
405-251-131432 N Baker St101124113ADU12/16/202510NONENY
Conversion
ADU Conversion -
405-251-241445 N Louise St101122961ADU6/30/202510NONENY
Adams
405-261-041004 N Baker St 2101119978ADU018/19/20251NONENY
1108 N Freeman St
405-281-17101115903ADU0112/11/20251NONENY
2
1108 N Towner St
405-292-05101120573ADU016/17/20251NONENY
2
2530 W Elder Ave
407-013-04Mata - Attached ADU101122695ADU6/27/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2801 W Elder Ave
407-043-16Attached ADU101120236ADU4/14/2025119/24/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
3016 W Elder Ave Pham - Attached
407-106-04101121394ADU4/24/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
2430 W Borchard
407-111-01101113276ADU018/18/20251NONENY
Ave 2
2410 W Stanford Cueva - Garage
408-052-18101120958ADU2/21/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2Conversion ADU
2538 W California Ortiz-Garage
408-062-05101120857ADU3/10/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2Conversion to ADU
2536 W California
408-062-06Detached ADU101124689ADU12/22/202510NONENY
St
2513 W Occidental
408-062-33Herrera ADU101120739ADU1/10/2025117/1/20251NONENY
St Unit# 2
2525 W St Andrew
408-081-12Detached ADU101122197ADU10/2/202510NONENY
Pl Unit# 2
ADU Garage
2522 W Camden Pl
408-094-34Conversion - 101122325ADU8/28/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
Gutierrez
2710 W Harvard St Navarro - Attached
408-211-12101124173ADU9/3/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
2726 W Pendleton Medina - Detached
408-225-06101121172ADU1/8/2025117/16/20251NONENY
Ave Unit# 2ADU
2301 S Glenarbor
408-232-11101117903ADU015/12/20251NONENY
St 2
1621 S Diamond St Ngo/Le Detached
408-242-15101122113ADU4/22/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
1623 W Pomona St
408-261-30101117685ADU014/10/20251NONENY
2
1806 W Occidental
408-295-07101119357ADU011/22/20251NONENY
St 2
cheverria -
2026 S Pacific Ave E
408-324-15101118817ADU5/2/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Detached ADU
1509 W Glenwood
408-324-17101119038ADU011/28/20251NONENY
Pl 2
1525 W Carlton Pl Southland Homes -
408-324-25101119149ADU1/9/2025116/9/20251NONENY
Unit# 2Detached ADU
1418 W St Anne Pl
408-336-09ADU Conversion101122596ADU5/13/20251112/17/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
1529 W St Anne Pl
408-342-09New Attached ADU101123772ADU10/8/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-34 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
2066 S Poplar St
408-344-15New Attached ADU101123897ADU11/3/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2019 W Camden Pl Nguyen - Garage
408-372-12101120220ADU4/14/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
2317 W Harvard St
408-387-07New Detached ADU101123006ADU7/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
1937 S Greenville
408-392-11New Attached ADU102122387ADU6/17/202510NONENY
St Unit# 2
2234 S Center St
408-423-09101118665ADU011/24/20251NONENY
100
1903 W St New ADU
408-442-07101123295ADU7/15/20251112/24/20251NONENY
Gertrude Pl Unit# 2Conversion
New Detached ADU
408-465-092223 S Rene Dr101124136ADU12/19/202510NONENY
Conversion
New Pre-Approved
408-466-132216 S Rene Dr101124259ADU9/10/202510NONENY
ADU
218 W Nobel Ave
410-032-25Tran Attached ADU101123441ADU8/12/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
3810 S Timber St
410-063-06ADU Conversion102121600ADU3/6/20251111/5/20251NONENY
Unit# 2
410-171-21620 W Orion AveNew Detached ADU101122438ADU11/24/202510NONENY
410-263-061020 W Alton AveTrang Detached ADU101123224ADU8/27/202510NONENY
210 W Harvey Ave
410-282-13New detached ADU101121971ADU4/21/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
3003 S Rosewood
410-451-10Detached ADU101122249ADU8/27/202510NONENY
Ave Unit# 2
Solis - Detached
411-063-15612 E Emmett St101120952ADU2/18/2025118/7/20251NONENY
ADU
31 E MacArthur New ADU Leasing
411-072-09Crescent Unit# 301 Office Conversion - 101116838ADU13/13/20251112/16/20251NONENY
Bldg# HBRE-FMCA, LLC.
31 E MacArthur New ADU Leasing
411-072-09Crescent Unit# 302 Office Conversion - 101116839ADU13/13/20251112/16/20251NONENY
Bldg# HBRE-FMCA, LLC.
1419 W Carriage Nguyen - Detached
412-012-04101121983ADU7/8/202510NONENY
DrADU
412-091-273117 S Center St 2101118234ADU015/19/20251NONENY
412-151-033112 S Griset PlNew Detached ADU101122356ADU5/9/20251111/25/20251NONENY
3129 S Manitoba
412-151-24New Detached ADU101121924ADU3/5/202510NONENY
Dr Unit# 2
3113 S Manitoba
412-151-28Detached ADU101121673ADU12/20/202510NONENY
Dr Unit# 2
3019 S Manitoba Garage Conversion
412-151-32101120415ADU2/18/202510NONENY
Dr Unit# 2to ADU
3130 S Manitoba
412-152-11Detached ADU101121498ADU15/6/202510NONENY
Dr Unit# 2
3205 S Deegan Dr Nguy - Detached
412-152-22101120235ADU13/10/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
2326 W Moore Ave
412-161-19ADU Conversion101123284ADU8/6/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
New Pre-approved
412-163-073116 S Diamond St101124089ADU7/30/202510NONENY
ADU
3118 S Diamond St
412-163-08101109438ADU012/20/20251NONENY
2
3109 S Artesia St Tang - Detached
412-232-28101122451ADU17/3/202510NONENY
Unit# 2ADU
Pre-Approved
Detached ADU: 749
412-242-062311 W Flora St101125883ADU12/16/202510NONENY
SF 2B
Contermporary
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-35 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
2620 S Diamond St
412-252-02101115768ADU011/10/20251NONENY
2
2914 S Diamond St ADU Garage
412-261-10101119022ADU13/4/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Conversion - Mejia
1801 W Garry Ave
412-271-18101120693ADU014/17/20251NONENY
2
New Pre-approved
412-292-022812 S Deegan Dr101124099ADU7/29/202510NONENY
ADU
2406 S Manitoba
412-311-10101116700ADU0110/15/20251NONENY
Dr 2
2612 S Griset Pl
412-324-53Doan-Detached ADU101120554ADU13/17/202510NONENY
Unit# 2
2014 W Hemlock Troung - Detached
412-351-07101121890ADU17/23/202510NONENY
Way Unit# 2ADU
2401 S Raitt St Attached ADU
412-391-21101123569ADU18/13/202510NONENY
Unit# 2Project
309 N Mountain
100-281-42101111367SFA0112/4/20251NONENY
View St
313 N Mountain
100-281-42101111369SFA0112/1/20251NONENY
View St
311 N Mountain
100-281-42101111368SFA0112/1/20251NONENY
View St
303 N Mountain
100-281-42101111358SFA019/25/20251NONENY
View St
307 N Mountain
100-281-42101111366SFA0112/4/20251NONENY
View St
317 N Mountain
100-281-42101111371SFA0112/1/20251NONENY
View St
315 N Mountain
100-281-42101111370SFA0112/1/20251NONENY
View St
305 N Mountain
100-281-42101111360SFA019/25/20251NONENY
View St
198-101-071124 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124395SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071126 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124396SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071128 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124397SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071130 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124398SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071132 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124399SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071134 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124400SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071136 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124401SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071138 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124402SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071140 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124403SFA19/25/202510NONENY
198-101-071142 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124404SFA19/25/202510NONENY
402-061-10707 S Lyon St101116463SFA011/7/20251NONENY
402-061-10593 S Lyon St101116420SFA014/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10615 S Lyon St101116430SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10621 S Lyon St101116432SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10657 S Lyon St101116444SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10663 S Lyon St101116446SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10687 S Lyon St101116457SFA011/22/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10703 S Lyon St101116461SFA011/7/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10705 S Lyon St101116462SFA011/7/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10595 S Lyon St101116421SFA014/21/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10603 S Lyon St101116424SFA011/21/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10605 S Lyon St101116425SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10613 S Lyon St101116429SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10617 S Lyon St101116431SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10625 S Lyon St101116434SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10631 S Lyon St101116437SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10653 S Lyon St101116442SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10591 S Lyon St101116419SFA014/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10611 S Lyon St101116428SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10623 S Lyon St101116433SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10627 S Lyon St101116435SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10629 S Lyon St101116436SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10637 S Lyon St101116440SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10651 S Lyon St101116441SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10667 S Lyon St101116448SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10669 S Lyon St101116449SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10673 S Lyon St101116451SFA011/22/20251NONENY
402-061-10655 S Lyon St101116443SFA013/13/20251NONENY
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-36 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
402-061-10665 S Lyon St101116447SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10675 S Lyon St101116452SFA011/22/20251NONENY
402-061-10677 S Lyon St101116453SFA011/22/20251NONENY
402-061-10681 S Lyon St101116454SFA011/22/20251NONENY
402-061-10683 S Lyon St101116455SFA011/22/20251NONENY
402-061-10685 S Lyon St101116456SFA011/22/20251NONENY
402-061-10691 S Lyon St101116459SFA011/7/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10709 S Lyon St101116464SFA011/7/20251NONENY
402-061-10597 S Lyon St101116422SFA014/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10601 S Lyon St101116423SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10607 S Lyon St101116426SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10609 S Lyon St101116427SFA011/21/20251NONENY
402-061-10633 S Lyon St101116438SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10635 S Lyon St101116439SFA013/12/20251NONENY
402-061-10661 S Lyon St101116445SFA013/13/20251NONENY
402-061-10671 S Lyon St101116450SFA011/22/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-061-10693 S Lyon St101116460SFA011/7/20251NONENYOtherDB, INC
402-211-101816 E First St 450101113096SFA013/4/20251NONENY
402-211-101818 E First St 510101113098SFA012/7/20251NONENY
402-211-101818 E First St 520101113099SFA013/27/20251NONENY
402-211-101816 E First St 400101113091SFA012/27/20251NONENY
402-211-101816 E First St 410101113092SFA012/7/20251NONENY
402-211-101816 E First St 420101113093SFA012/7/20251NONENY
402-211-101816 E First St 430101113094SFA012/7/20251NONENY
402-211-101816 E First St 440101113095SFA012/7/20251NONENY
402-211-101814 E First St 300101113085SFA0110/16/20251NONENY
402-211-101814 E First St 330101113088SFA019/17/20251NONENY
402-211-101814 E First St 340101113089SFA0110/9/20251NONENY
402-211-101814 E First St 320101113087SFA0110/13/20251NONENY
402-211-101814 E First St 310101113086SFA018/26/20251NONENY
402-211-101814 E First St 350101113090SFA0110/9/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 110101113069SFA018/25/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 240101113080SFA018/26/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 250101113081SFA0110/9/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 100101113068SFA017/25/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 210101113077SFA018/26/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 220101113078SFA0110/9/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 230101113079SFA0110/9/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 270101113083SFA019/17/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 150101113073SFA016/11/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 160101113074SFA018/25/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 170101113075SFA019/29/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 260101113082SFA0110/9/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 280101113084SFA0110/14/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 120101113070SFA0110/13/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 130101113071SFA017/29/20251NONENY
402-211-101810 E First St 140101113072SFA015/21/20251NONENY
402-211-101812 E First St 200101113076SFA0110/13/20251NONENY
1919 W
Habitat For Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119603SFA9/30/202510NONENY
- 6-Unit Development
Unit# 1
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-37 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing with Financial
Project IdentifierUnit TyAffordability by Household Incomes - Certificates of OccupancyStreamliningHistoric SitesInfillAssistance and/or Deed
Restrictions
110
28911121314151617
Is this project
located on a site
Please select the
with an
# of Units state
Certificates of associated Assistance
Extremely Extremely issued streamlining Deed Restriction
Unit Category
Acutely Low-Acutely Low-Very Low- Very Low- Low- Low- Moderate- Moderate- Occupancy or historical Programs for Each
Local AboveBuilding Low- Low- AboveCertificates of provision the Type
(SFA,SFD,2
Infill Units?
# of Units Issued Income Income Non Income Income Income Income Income Income Non other forms of designation as Development
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Moderate-Permits Date Income Income Non Moderate-Occupancy project was (may select
Prior APNProject Name
+
Building Permits Deed Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Non Deed Deed Deed readiness outlined in (may select
Y/N
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH IncomeIssuedDeed Deed Incomeor other APPROVED multiple - see
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestricted(see instructions) Government multiple - see
)
RestrictedRestrictedforms of pursuant to. instructions)
Date IssuedCode Section instructions)
readiness(may select
65400(a)(2)(N)
multiple)
and reported on
Table L?
1919 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119604SFA9/30/202510NONENY
Six New Units
Unit# 2
1921 W
-
Habitat for Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119605SFA9/30/202510NONENY
Six New Units
Unit# 1
1921 W
-
Habitat for Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119606SFA9/30/202510NONENY
Six New Units
Unit# 2
1923 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119607SFA9/30/202510NONENY
Six New Units
Unit# 1
1923 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119608SFA9/30/202510NONENY
Six New Units
Unit# 2
Mai - New SFD,
007-163-181834 W Third StJADU, and Detached 101120601SFD13/21/202510NONENY
ADU
2033 S Evergreen
014-122-27101114946SFD0110/31/20251NONENY
St
108-072-28430 S Euclid St101101502SFD015/7/20251NONENY
198-311-121413 N Hastings St101113491SFD015/29/20251NONE
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-38 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
202531)
Reporting Year
Planning
6th Cycle
Period 10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Term of
Housing without
Project IdentifierUnit TyDemolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity Bonus
Affordability or Notes
Financial Assistance or
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
21819202122232425
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
0
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
402-191-032020 E First StreetMeritage HomesDP-2024-14SFA556.0%Open spaceN
Њ
Vehicular access,
Building frontage
widge, Open Space -
Santa Ana 9
144-311-15205 S Harbor BlvdDP-2024-12SFA5511.0%Common Area, N
Townhomes
Private Open Space -
Area, Private Open
Space - Dimensions
Џ
Publicly Accessible
Open Space, Private
Olive Crest
400-091-232130 E Fourth StDP-2023-325+5520.0%Open Space, Y
Transitional Housing
Common Open
Space
Ќ
501 S Harbor - 30
144-303-03501 S Harbor BlvdTownhome DP-2024-2SFA556.0%N
Development
Љ
Nguyen - Duplex Unit
398-533-07601 W Tenth St1011186012 TO 4
#1
New Duplex & Two
2246 S Cypress
403-141-21
Detached ADUs - 1011213222 TO 4
Ave
Alan Shen
322 N. Harbor Blvd.
198-051-17322 N Harbor BlvdResidential 1011208425+
Development
Lot width and depth,
open space
801 E Santa Ana
5570.0%
398-303-041011087365+standards, building Y
Blvd
type, landscape
standards
Ѝ
55
398-523-041411 N Broadway1011130555+
Publicly Accessible
Open Space, Private
Olive Crest
400-091-232150 E Fourth St1011213835+5520.0%Open Space, Y
Transitional Housing
Common Open
Space
Ќ
Publicly Accessible
Open Space, Private
Olive Crest
400-091-232160 E Fourth St1011213855+20.0%Open Space, Y
Transitional Housing
Common Open
Space
Ќ
430-222-242350 S Redhill Ave1011072485+
430-222-242010 E Warner Ave1011072455+
Based on percentages of
1905 W Eighteenth Espino ADU
001-032-17101123656ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2402 N Hesperian
001-052-16101119935ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1525 W Marion Garage Conversion
001-063-11101118792ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Wayto ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2102 N Pacific Ave
001-071-12101110002ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1005 W Buffalo
001-181-15101117412ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1009 W River Ln
001-231-05Detached ADU101123560ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
401 W Jonquil Rd Nguyen - Detached
002-037-32101123020ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1908 N Greenleaf Garage Conversion
002-091-09101120713ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2021 N Greenleaf
002-103-11101116173ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
ADU Garage Based on percentages of
2414 N Bonnie
002-123-03Conversion Î 101122160ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Brae Unit# 2
Iammarinoreport for OC
Based on percentages of
326 W Eighteenth
002-153-06101111688SFDaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
326 W Eighteenth
002-153-06101111690ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-39 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
1014 W Fairbrook
002-243-05101118040ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ln
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Kelly - Detached
003-033-022559 N Valencia St101123415ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
620 1/2 E Virginia Orozco ADU Garage
003-033-11102123858ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
AveConversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2310 N Spurgeon
003-061-11ADU101123595ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2351 N Spurgeon New Attached ADU -
003-072-25101122257ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
StPockett
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2413 N Poinsettia
003-081-16Grange ADU101122079ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2425 N Valencia St Canada Residence
003-082-09101120076ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2New ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2425 N Valencia St Canada Residence
003-082-09101124698ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2New ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2314 N Larchmont Garage Conversion
003-100-19101121195ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2426 N Larchmont NV Garage
003-100-31101123282ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2012 N Bush St JC IMP EXP -
003-113-09101121423ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 100Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2012 N Bush St JC IMP EXP -
003-113-09101121424ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 101Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1710 N Spurgeon Amezcua - Ground
003-141-16101120106ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 100Floor ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1710 N Spurgeon Amezcua - Second
003-141-16101120107ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 200Floor ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
004-020-201515 N King St 2101115759ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
004-030-101407 N King StNew Detached ADU101123590ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1915 W Fifteenth
004-044-12Detached ADU101123061ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1314 W Eleventh
004-111-16101119216ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2217 W Civic
004-153-16101119459ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Center Dr 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2018 W Eleventh
004-173-20101112102ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2010 W Alco Ave New Detached ADU
004-184-50101121972ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Î Huynh
report for OC
Based on percentages of
810 N English St
004-184-51Detached ADU101120532ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2315 W Sixth St Garage Conversion
007-021-04101124466ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1834 W Third St
007-163-18Mai - JADU101120602ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1834 W Third St
007-163-18Mai - Detached ADU101120603ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 3
report for OC
New ADU Based on percentages of
1428 W Second St
007-191-01Conversion and 101123565ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
Additionreport for OC
Based on percentages of
1613 W Chestnut
007-224-24101120771ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1613 W Chestnut
007-224-24101120772ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 3
report for OC
Based on percentages of
007-264-131727 W Pine St 2101117397ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
007-264-171703 W Pine St 3101113574ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-40 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
517 N Sunset St
007-312-15New JADU - Tran101122790ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
517 N Sunset St
007-312-15New ADU - Tran101122791ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 3
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1112 W Sixth St
008-083-06Vu - Detached ADU101120611ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Herrera-Torres -
008-131-081222 W Second St101123691ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Detached ADU
report for OC
New Pre-Approved Based on percentages of
008-213-16927 W Pine StADU - Contemporary 101123211ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
749 sq ftreport for OC
Based on percentages of
1239 W Chestnut Rodriguez -
008-231-09101122481ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
AveDetached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
916 W Myrtle St Addition, ADU, and
008-242-23101124010ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2JADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Addition, ADU, and
008-242-23918 W Myrtle St101124011ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
JADU Project
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-011-39423 S Center StNew Detached ADU101124253ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-053-20502 S Forest Ave 2101120748ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-063-15522 S Raitt St 2101118251ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Nguyen-Detached
010-112-121127 W Bishop St101119683ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-131-07523 S Flower StDetached ADU101119725ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
622 S Sycamore St
010-153-13101112729ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119135ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave E
report for OC
Based on percentages of
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119649ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave D
report for OC
Based on percentages of
616 S Van Ness
010-163-11101119648ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave C
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1210 W Highland New Attached JADU
010-182-39101119136ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2Î Cruz
report for OC
Detached ADU Based on percentages of
1212 W Highland
010-182-39Address Change - 101119305ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
Cruzreport for OC
Based on percentages of
1039 W Highland
010-191-09Monsour - ADU101121883ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# A
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1039 W Highland
010-191-09Monsour - ADU101121884ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# B
report for OC
Based on percentages of
724 S Van Ness
010-203-13New Detached ADU101122395ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-221-05817 S Ross St 2101116708ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Landa - Detached
010-222-03811 S Birch St101124271ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-222-05819 S Birch StNew Detached ADU101123913ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Detached Garage
010-251-03907 S Flower St101123325ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
941 W McFadden
010-263-30Garage Conversion102123158ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1219 W Cubbon St
010-271-13101117575ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
443 S Spruce St
010-292-04Detached ADU101122322ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
010-301-252325 W Mark St101118551ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-41 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
011-043-13334 E Bishop St 2101117495ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
326 E Grant St Serna - Detached
011-044-09101121859ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
908 S Orange Ave
011-052-20New JADU101121013ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1014 S Cypress
011-061-09101119455ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 100
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1014 S Cypress
011-061-09101119456ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 101
report for OC
Based on percentages of
328 E Harwood Pl
011-065-10101120819ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
011-075-211022 S Hickory StDetached ADU101120004ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1015 S Hickory St
011-076-04101113871ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
011-084-03911 S Kilson Dr 2101117090ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Nguyen - New Based on percentages of
011-095-27724 S Halladay StDetached ADU 101121923ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
(Garage Conversion)report for OC
Based on percentages of
849 E McFadden
011-224-15101117338ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1118 S Baker St
013-012-07Garage Conversion101124262ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1101 S Magnolia
013-012-17101109392ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1123 S Magnolia New ADU Garage
013-012-28102120229ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1119 W Russell
013-014-12Detached ADU101124098ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1142 S Shelton St Rompus Room to
013-014-23101118609ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1401 S Rosewood
013-051-01Attached JADU101119241ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1401 S Rosewood
013-051-01Attached ADU101119242ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 3
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1145 S Shelton St Scott-Prefabricated
013-061-14101121577ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1333 S Lowell St
013-084-19Attached ADU101120575ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1105 S Parton St
013-093-02New Detached ADU101121903ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
013-102-201226 S Parton St 2101120077ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Solis - Detached
013-132-191426 S Parton St101121970ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Garage Conversion
013-141-19419 W Russell Ave101123029ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
013-142-201130 S Broadway 2101116588ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1232 S Sycamore Garage Conversion
013-153-26102123400ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2ADU - Flamenco
report for OC
Torres - Detached Based on percentages of
013-182-061513 S Birch StADU and Leagalize 102122347ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Shed and Patioreport for OC
Based on percentages of
013-192-111603 S Parton StNew Detached ADU101122995ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Two-Story ADU
013-193-20541 W Pomona St101120821ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1010 W Edinger
013-215-28Detached ADU101123706ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-42 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
1702 S Garnsey St Torre - Detached
013-244-01101121989ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
014-093-342069 S Oak St 2101116657ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Galaviz Detached
014-094-442016 S Oak St101122989ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
014-101-131927 S Hickory StGuzman - ADU102121150ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2018 S Evergreen Castillo - Garage
014-112-04101121358ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2029 S Halladay St
014-113-28NV- ADU Conversion101122580ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1907 S Evergreen
014-121-01Pham-Detached ADU101121984ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1909 S Evergreen
014-121-01Pham-Detached ADU101121985ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2033 S Evergreen
014-122-27101114947ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2069 S Evergreen
014-122-41New Detached ADU101122854ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
616 E McFadden
014-203-02Pre-Approved ADU101124166ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1251 S Evergreen
014-222-07101115865ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1231 S Oak St
014-232-30Attached ADU101122329ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1606 S Halladay St
014-393-26Attached ADU101121170ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
014-424-08814 E Elder Ave 2101119446ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Mendoza - Detached
015-042-041717 S Parton St101122831ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
015-052-01316 W Pomona St101118096ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
015-052-01318 W Pomona St101118097ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2022 S Sycamore
015-067-12101114894ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2148 S Broadway
015-082-24Attached ADU101119541ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Ocegueda -
015-091-01414 W Anahurst Pl101121647ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2037 S Garnsey St N/V - Lopez - Garage
015-123-04102119036ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Detached
015-123-072051 S Garnsey St101122391ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Garage Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
015-134-121932 S Ross St 2101117198ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2024 S Garnsey St Granados - Detached
015-135-12101121258ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
740 W St Andrew Garcia - Detached
015-136-13101122260ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
PlADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Detached ADU -
015-155-022035 S Olive St101122473ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Maldonado
report for OC
Based on percentages of
015-172-222232 S Lowell StDetached ADU101123271ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Hassan - Garage
015-174-35928 W Anahurst Pl101122694ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2124 S Magnolia New Pre-approved
015-194-06101124675ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
AveADU
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-43 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
015-202-092235 S Park Dr 2101111280ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
015-203-092134 S Park Dr 2101117031ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2405 S Cypress
016-033-29101118966ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
016-105-18940 E Anahurst Pl101120172ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
820 N Euclid St
099-203-48Nguyen Î JADU101122006ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 1
report for OC
Based on percentages of
5405 W Roosevelt
099-211-03101116316ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Insixiengmay -
099-222-07315 N Maxine St101122305ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
099-232-025419 W Third StNgo - Detached ADU101123262ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
5413 W Second St
099-232-28101111643ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
099-531-535522 W Silver Dr 2101113621ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
100-241-475017 W Sixth St 2101119638ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
913 N Rosita St Nguyen - Detached
100-444-29101121582ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4721 W Oakfield
100-456-24101115738ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 3
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4721 W Oakfield
100-456-24101115737ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
701 N Mountain
100-533-10101117731ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
View St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4810 W Sixth St
100-581-14New ADU101122162ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
609 N Jenkins St
100-582-12New Attached ADU101123532ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
2517 W Based on percentages of
De Santiago -
101-121-04Huckleberry Rd 101121526ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Detached ADU
Unit# 2report for OC
Based on percentages of
2719 W
101-121-17New Detached ADU101123548ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Huckleberry Rd
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2726 W Strawberry
101-121-28Detached ADU101121202ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ln Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2714 W Strawberry
101-121-31New Detached ADU101122291ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ln Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2121 N Lewis St Freudengerger -
101-561-19101122606ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2101 W Avalon N/V - ADU Garage
101-582-07101122384ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2Conversion - Hurtado
report for OC
Based on percentages of
108-072-28430 1/2 S Euclid St101101503ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
108-102-144618 W Roy Cir 2101115440ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Perez Residence
108-114-11304 S Andres Pl101119109ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4715 W McFadden
108-131-37New Attached ADU101123541ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4806 W Jason Ln
108-331-11ADU Conversion102122902ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1133 S Austin St
108-332-03Detached ADU101121510ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1202 S Karen Ave
108-334-17101113857ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-44 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
1220 S Newhope
108-335-29Abe - Detached ADU101122300ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Gutierrez - New
108-342-021015 S Austin St101122501ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
108-344-011005 S Virlee St 2101118024ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1008 S Newhope Nguyen Residence -
108-345-18101124240ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
StNew Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4914 W Flight Ave
108-365-06Chi-Detached ADU101120716ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
108-383-131206 S Corta Dr 2101111561ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1129 S Corta Dr Ngo - Garage
108-384-03101121838ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
632 S Genoa Dr
108-401-02New Attached ADU101120934ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# -
report for OC
Based on percentages of
602 S Genoa Dr Mikail - Attached
108-401-08101120781ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
5604 W Highland
108-504-36101119018ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
746 S Deming St
108-562-06Quan-JADU101121003ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
746 S Deming St Quan-ADU
108-562-06101121004ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 3Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Nguyen - Detached
108-562-095412 W Kedge Ave101123584ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
907 S Shannon St
108-602-34ADU Conversion101122409ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
904 S Shannon St
108-604-10101116996ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3918 W Crystal Ln
108-721-08101119540ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Detached ADU Based on percentages of
108-731-031030 S Gates StGarage Conversion - 101122331ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Garciareport for OC
Based on percentages of
918 S Pacific Ave
109-061-02ADU Conversion101123426ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
909 S Pacific Ave Garage Conversion
109-062-03101121897ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1329 W McFadden
109-064-29New Attached ADU101121764ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2320 W Dahl Ln Villegas - Attached
109-081-23101121144ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1142 S Clara St Detached Two-Story
109-091-41101119966ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1245 1/2 S Sullivan
109-092-24101105622ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1140 S Golden
109-092-42101110744ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
West Ave 1
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1138 S Golden
109-092-42101110742ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
West Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1321 S Pacific Ave
109-273-06101115182ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
814 S Hesperian St
109-344-16New Detached ADU101121626ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1401 W Highland
109-344-25101118576ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1401 W Highland Luti Properties 010,
109-344-25101121657ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 3LLC - JADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1629 W Highland
109-351-32ADU Conversion101121849ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-45 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
1602 W Brook St
109-362-01Tran - Detached ADU101120778ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
109-443-061114 S Wood St 2101114054ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
109-444-112120 W Dahl LnNew Detached ADU101122799ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1906 1/2 W Elder
109-525-17101105242ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
710 S Raitt St
109-611-02Garage Conversion101119073ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 11
report for OC
Based on percentages of
718 S Raitt St
109-611-03Garage Conversion101119074ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 11
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3314 W Borchard New Detached ADU -
109-664-20101122335ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2Hernandez
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Phung - Pre-
109-671-303024 W Lingan Ln101125480ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Approved - ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
109-675-151134 S Arapaho DrNew Detached ADU101122778ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
513 S King St Unit# Garage Conversion
109-781-27101121739ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
109-821-10401 S Huron Dr 2101109606ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2923 W Raymar St Garage Conversion
109-832-19101121768ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
524 S Shawnee Dr
109-833-17Attached ADU101120570ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2730 S Pacific Ave
140-281-33101115020ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Gutierrez - Garage
144-331-12336 S Laurel St101121977ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
144-361-29907 S Bewley St 2101119697ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Nguyen - Detached
144-362-013620 W Roberts Dr101124629ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
702 S Susan St Villalpando -
144-521-01101121841ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Attached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
825 S Flintridge Dr
188-061-12Ngo - JADU101121229ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
718 S Flintridge Dr
188-062-04Mai - Detached ADU101119235ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
5113 W Roberts Dr
188-062-25101113865ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
3
report for OC
Based on percentages of
5113 W Roberts Dr
188-062-25101113864ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
5121 W Roberts Dr
188-062-27Tran - Detached ADU101119307ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
188-063-095124 W Roberts DrVu - Detached ADU101123080ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
733 S Toland St Nguyen - Detached
188-081-07101122323ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
188-102-19829 S Elliott Pl 2101119220ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Truong - Detached
198-021-011225 N West St101121607ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4009 W Hazard
198-021-30101113421ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3925 W Hazard Nguyen - Detached
198-021-33101122459ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
198-023-091102 N West St 2101109950ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-46 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
1222 N Jackson St Garcia - Single-Story
198-102-06101121401ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# AADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1222 N Jackson St Garcia - Two-Story
198-102-06101121403ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# BADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1409 N Glenarbor
198-141-03101115519ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 3
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1409 N Glenarbor
198-141-03101115518ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1207 N Glenarbor
198-141-13Detached ADU101123162ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1219 N Mar-Les
198-151-22New Detached ADU101124611ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
West Dr
report for OC
Based on percentages of
618 N Figueroa St New Detached ADU
198-162-13101120072ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# CÎ Moreno
report for OC
Based on percentages of
198-181-18122 N Bewley St 2101117071ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
New ADU - Based on percentages of
198-231-10916 N Bewley StIllumination 101118571ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Foundationreport for OC
Based on percentages of
198-242-31209 N Bewley St 2101119478ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Garage Conversion
198-252-08326 N Laurel St101120947ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4413 W Sunswept
198-301-12Attached ADU101122116ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4310 W Sunswept
198-302-02101115749ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1413 N Hastings St
198-311-12101113492ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
198-311-151403 N Hastings StDetached ADU101120338ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
4406 W Maurie Ave
198-323-03ADU Conversion101121218ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2220 N Richmond
396-012-15New Detached ADU101123780ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2224 N Concord St
396-051-19Detached ADU101120598ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
396-072-312102 N Wright St 2101117956ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2406 N Old Grand
396-241-11101110438ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2610 N Ponderosa ADU Conversion -
396-271-13101122754ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2Elias
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2617 N Deodar St Casas - Garage
396-273-12101119933ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2602 N Deodar St
396-274-24ADU Conversion101119326ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
ADU Garage
396-314-0313914 N Deodar St101124349ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
621 E Edgewood Detached ADU -
396-422-27101124001ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
RdGettler
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1102 N French St N/V Garage
398-027-19101123317ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# BConversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1102 N French St
398-027-19Detached ADU101123318ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# C
report for OC
Based on percentages of
315 E Sixteenth St
398-123-07101112995ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1407 N Spurgeon
398-134-05Detached ADU101122521ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
398-286-08314 S Broadway 3101112285ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-47 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
398-286-08314 S Broadway 2101112284ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
398-292-18420 S Broadway101114877ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
398-293-10439 S Broadway101118613ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
208 N Hathaway St
398-451-07101115916ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Lopez - Detached
398-481-20617 E Third St101122601ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Sanchez - Detached
398-483-02808 E Fourth St101122558ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
398-531-221123 N Flower St101116725ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1002 N Van Ness Nguyen - ADU Unit
398-533-07101118598ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave#1
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1004 N Van Ness
398-533-07Nguyen - ADU101118599ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
311 W Tenth St YCU, LLC -
398-552-10101121257ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2209 W Laramore
399-011-14101119195ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ln
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2309 W Laramore Nguyen - Detached
399-011-19101120244ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ln Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2302 W Laramore
399-011-38101117559ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ln 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
399-011-432638 N Laird StLai - Detached ADU101122826ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2003 N Baker St An - Detached ADU
399-072-35102118981ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2(Conversion)
report for OC
Based on percentages of
399-091-192417 W Edna Dr101116516ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2039 N Victoria Dr Sitton - Detached
399-111-12101122463ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2217 W Monica Ln New ADU
399-131-03101121920ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2326 N Spinnaker
399-132-22Detached ADU101118994ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
399-132-402306 N Laird St 2101115415ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2422 W Marty Ln
399-141-14Attached JADU101124651ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2422 W Marty Ln
399-141-14Attached ADU101124652ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 3
report for OC
NewDetachedADU,St
Based on percentages of
orage
399-142-012515 N Cotter St101120878ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Demo,&PatioMod.-
report for OC
Tran&Lai
Based on percentages of
2301 W Marty Ln
399-143-18Nguyen - JADU101121975ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2301 W Marty Ln Nguyen - Detached
399-143-18101121976ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 3ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
907 N Dianne St Attached ADU -
400-164-08101121716ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Suatengco
report for OC
Based on percentages of
ADU Garage
400-251-091606 N Mabury St101122069ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
403-141-21151 E Warner AveNew Detached ADUs101121323ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
403-141-21153 E Warner AveNew Detached ADUs101121324ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2044 S Orange Ave
403-162-11101111506ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-48 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
212 E St Andrew Pl New Detached ADU -
403-162-36101122343ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Romo
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1701 S Cypress
403-182-01New Junior ADU101123054ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1705 S Cypress
403-182-01Detached ADU101123055ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Detached ADU -
403-183-23320 E Berkeley St101121116ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Valencia
report for OC
Based on percentages of
404-011-11901 E Myrtle St 2101118160ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Pham - Detached
404-012-09931 E Warren St101123566ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
404-046-07512 S Maple St 2101113398ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
315 E Camile St
404-046-12Detached ADU101119052ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
404-052-15508 S Halladay StNew ADU - Moreno101122730ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
New Detached ADU Based on percentages of
404-075-01314 S Halladay St& Garage Conversion 101121131ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Î Truongreport for OC
New Detached ADU Based on percentages of
404-075-01312 S Halladay St& Garage Conversion 101121132ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
- Truongreport for OC
Based on percentages of
404-085-02414 E Pine St B101118674ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
404-085-02414 E Pine St A101118673ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Blake - Attached
404-086-01426 E Walnut St101123676ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Hernandez - Based on percentages of
423 E Pine St Unit#
404-086-12Attached Garage 101121795ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
E
Conversion ADUreport for OC
Based on percentages of
404-101-09116 E Camile St101117597ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
404-102-08209 E Bishop StNew Detached ADU101122603ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
2312 W Based on percentages of
405-013-02Washington Ave Tra - Detached ADU101121576ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2report for OC
Based on percentages of
1324 N Fair Way Garcia - Attached
405-021-15101121824ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 101ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Garcia - Detached
405-021-151326 N Fair Way101121825ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
405-074-301409 W Seventh StDetached ADU101122503ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1806 W Fifteenth Lusiani - Attached
405-091-24101119296ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
1925 W Based on percentages of
Garcia - Detached
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122506ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
Unit# Breport for OC
1927 W Based on percentages of
Garcia ADU 440 sq.
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122507ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ft.
Unit# Breport for OC
1927 W Based on percentages of
Garcia ADU 443 sq.
405-101-29Washington Ave 101122508ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ft.
Unit# Creport for OC
Based on percentages of
1313 N English St
405-101-31101118232ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
405-141-131621 W Tenth St 2101119850ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
1502 W Based on percentages of
New ADU Garage
405-151-24Washington Ave 101122027ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion Î Garcia
Unit# 2report for OC
Based on percentages of
E
1637 Wleventh
405-152-43101115777ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1014 W Third St
405-163-17ADU Conversion101121802ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 1
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-49 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
1014 W Third St
405-163-17ADU Conversion101121803ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
405-183-06909 N Lowell St101116522ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
405-231-11816 N Towner St 2101118924ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
405-251-081512 N Baker St 2101120504ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
ADU - Garage
405-251-131432 N Baker St101124113ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
ADU Conversion -
405-251-241445 N Louise St101122961ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Adams
report for OC
Based on percentages of
405-261-041004 N Baker St 2101119978ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1108 N Freeman St
405-281-17101115903ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1108 N Towner St
405-292-05101120573ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2530 W Elder Ave
407-013-04Mata - Attached ADU101122695ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2801 W Elder Ave
407-043-16Attached ADU101120236ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3016 W Elder Ave Pham - Attached
407-106-04101121394ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2430 W Borchard
407-111-01101113276ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2410 W Stanford Cueva - Garage
408-052-18101120958ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2538 W California Ortiz-Garage
408-062-05101120857ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2Conversion to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2536 W California
408-062-06Detached ADU101124689ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2513 W Occidental
408-062-33Herrera ADU101120739ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2525 W St Andrew
408-081-12Detached ADU101122197ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Pl Unit# 2
report for OC
ADU Garage Based on percentages of
2522 W Camden Pl
408-094-34Conversion - 101122325ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
Gutierrezreport for OC
Based on percentages of
2710 W Harvard St Navarro - Attached
408-211-12101124173ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2726 W Pendleton Medina - Detached
408-225-06101121172ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2301 S Glenarbor
408-232-11101117903ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1621 S Diamond St Ngo/Le Detached
408-242-15101122113ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1623 W Pomona St
408-261-30101117685ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1806 W Occidental
408-295-07101119357ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
cheverria -
2026 S Pacific Ave E
408-324-15101118817ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1509 W Glenwood
408-324-17101119038ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Pl 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1525 W Carlton Pl Southland Homes -
408-324-25101119149ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Detached ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1418 W St Anne Pl
408-336-09ADU Conversion101122596ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1529 W St Anne Pl
408-342-09New Attached ADU101123772ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-50 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
2066 S Poplar St
408-344-15New Attached ADU101123897ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2019 W Camden Pl Nguyen - Garage
408-372-12101120220ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Conversion ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2317 W Harvard St
408-387-07New Detached ADU101123006ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1937 S Greenville
408-392-11New Attached ADU102122387ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
St Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2234 S Center St
408-423-09101118665ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
100
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1903 W St New ADU
408-442-07101123295ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Gertrude Pl Unit# 2Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Detached ADU
408-465-092223 S Rene Dr101124136ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Conversion
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Pre-Approved
408-466-132216 S Rene Dr101124259ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
218 W Nobel Ave
410-032-25Tran Attached ADU101123441ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3810 S Timber St
410-063-06ADU Conversion102121600ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
410-171-21620 W Orion AveNew Detached ADU101122438ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
410-263-061020 W Alton AveTrang Detached ADU101123224ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
210 W Harvey Ave
410-282-13New detached ADU101121971ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3003 S Rosewood
410-451-10Detached ADU101122249ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Ave Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
Solis - Detached
411-063-15612 E Emmett St101120952ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
31 E MacArthur New ADU Leasing Based on percentages of
411-072-09Crescent Unit# 301 Office Conversion - 101116838ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Bldg# HBRE-FMCA, LLC.report for OC
31 E MacArthur New ADU Leasing Based on percentages of
411-072-09Crescent Unit# 302 Office Conversion - 101116839ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Bldg# HBRE-FMCA, LLC.report for OC
Based on percentages of
1419 W Carriage Nguyen - Detached
412-012-04101121983ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
DrADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
412-091-273117 S Center St 2101118234ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
412-151-033112 S Griset PlNew Detached ADU101122356ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3129 S Manitoba
412-151-24New Detached ADU101121924ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Dr Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3113 S Manitoba
412-151-28Detached ADU101121673ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Dr Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3019 S Manitoba Garage Conversion
412-151-32101120415ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Dr Unit# 2to ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3130 S Manitoba
412-152-11Detached ADU101121498ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Dr Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3205 S Deegan Dr Nguy - Detached
412-152-22101120235ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2326 W Moore Ave
412-161-19ADU Conversion101123284ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Pre-approved
412-163-073116 S Diamond St101124089ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3118 S Diamond St
412-163-08101109438ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
3109 S Artesia St Tang - Detached
412-232-28101122451ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Pre-Approved
Based on percentages of
Detached ADU: 749
412-242-062311 W Flora St101125883ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
SF 2B
report for OC
Contermporary
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-51 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
Based on percentages of
2620 S Diamond St
412-252-02101115768ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2914 S Diamond St ADU Garage
412-261-10101119022ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Conversion - Mejia
report for OC
Based on percentages of
1801 W Garry Ave
412-271-18101120693ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
New Pre-approved
412-292-022812 S Deegan Dr101124099ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2406 S Manitoba
412-311-10101116700ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Dr 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2612 S Griset Pl
412-324-53Doan-Detached ADU101120554ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2014 W Hemlock Troung - Detached
412-351-07101121890ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Way Unit# 2ADU
report for OC
Based on percentages of
2401 S Raitt St Attached ADU
412-391-21101123569ADUaffordable ADU found in SCAG
Unit# 2Project
report for OC
309 N Mountain
100-281-42101111367SFA
View St
313 N Mountain
100-281-42101111369SFA
View St
311 N Mountain
100-281-42101111368SFA
View St
303 N Mountain
100-281-42101111358SFA
View St
307 N Mountain
100-281-42101111366SFA
View St
317 N Mountain
100-281-42101111371SFA
View St
315 N Mountain
100-281-42101111370SFA
View St
305 N Mountain
100-281-42101111360SFA
View St
198-101-071124 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124395SFA
198-101-071126 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124396SFA
198-101-071128 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124397SFA
198-101-071130 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124398SFA
198-101-071132 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124399SFA
198-101-071134 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124400SFA
198-101-071136 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124401SFA
198-101-071138 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124402SFA
198-101-071140 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124403SFA
198-101-071142 N Bewley StNew Condo Unit101124404SFA
402-061-10707 S Lyon St101116463SFA
402-061-10593 S Lyon St101116420SFA
402-061-10615 S Lyon St101116430SFA
402-061-10621 S Lyon St101116432SFA
402-061-10657 S Lyon St101116444SFA
402-061-10663 S Lyon St101116446SFA
Development
402-061-10687 S Lyon St101116457SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
Development
402-061-10703 S Lyon St101116461SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
Development
402-061-10705 S Lyon St101116462SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
Development
402-061-10595 S Lyon St101116421SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
Development
402-061-10603 S Lyon St101116424SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
402-061-10605 S Lyon St101116425SFA
402-061-10613 S Lyon St101116429SFA
402-061-10617 S Lyon St101116431SFA
402-061-10625 S Lyon St101116434SFA
402-061-10631 S Lyon St101116437SFA
402-061-10653 S Lyon St101116442SFA
402-061-10591 S Lyon St101116419SFA
402-061-10611 S Lyon St101116428SFA
402-061-10623 S Lyon St101116433SFA
402-061-10627 S Lyon St101116435SFA
402-061-10629 S Lyon St101116436SFA
402-061-10637 S Lyon St101116440SFA
402-061-10651 S Lyon St101116441SFA
402-061-10667 S Lyon St101116448SFA
402-061-10669 S Lyon St101116449SFA
402-061-10673 S Lyon St101116451SFA
402-061-10655 S Lyon St101116443SFA
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-52 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
402-061-10665 S Lyon St101116447SFA
402-061-10675 S Lyon St101116452SFA
402-061-10677 S Lyon St101116453SFA
402-061-10681 S Lyon St101116454SFA
402-061-10683 S Lyon St101116455SFA
402-061-10685 S Lyon St101116456SFA
Development
402-061-10691 S Lyon St101116459SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
402-061-10709 S Lyon St101116464SFA
402-061-10597 S Lyon St101116422SFA
402-061-10601 S Lyon St101116423SFA
402-061-10607 S Lyon St101116426SFA
402-061-10609 S Lyon St101116427SFA
402-061-10633 S Lyon St101116438SFA
402-061-10635 S Lyon St101116439SFA
402-061-10661 S Lyon St101116445SFA
Development
402-061-10671 S Lyon St101116450SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
Development
402-061-10693 S Lyon St101116460SFA4600.0%Standards No
Ѝ Modification
402-211-101816 E First St 450101113096SFA
402-211-101818 E First St 510101113098SFA
402-211-101818 E First St 520101113099SFA
402-211-101816 E First St 400101113091SFA
402-211-101816 E First St 410101113092SFA
402-211-101816 E First St 420101113093SFA
402-211-101816 E First St 430101113094SFA
402-211-101816 E First St 440101113095SFA
402-211-101814 E First St 300101113085SFA
402-211-101814 E First St 330101113088SFA
402-211-101814 E First St 340101113089SFA
402-211-101814 E First St 320101113087SFA
402-211-101814 E First St 310101113086SFA
402-211-101814 E First St 350101113090SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 110101113069SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 240101113080SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 250101113081SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 100101113068SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 210101113077SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 220101113078SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 230101113079SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 270101113083SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 150101113073SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 160101113074SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 170101113075SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 260101113082SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 280101113084SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 120101113070SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 130101113071SFA
402-211-101810 E First St 140101113072SFA
402-211-101812 E First St 200101113076SFA
1919 W
Habitat For Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119603SFA
- 6-Unit Development
Unit# 1
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-53 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Housing without Term of
Project IdentifierUnit TyFinancial Assistance or Affordability or Demolished/Destroyed UnitsDensity BonusNotes
Deed RestrictionsDeed Restriction
1
218192122232425
20
Number of Other List the
For units affordable
Total Density Bonus Incentives, incentives,
without financial
Term of Affordability
Demolished/Applied to the Project Concessions, concessions,
Unit Category
assistance or deed Did the project
or Deed Restriction
Local Number of Demolished Destroyed (Percentage Increase in Waivers, or Other waivers, and
(SFA,SFD,2
restrictions, explain how receive a reduction
+++
(years) (if affordable
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction to Demolished/Destroor Destroyed Units Total Allowable Units or Modifications Given modifications
Prior APNProject NameNotes
the locality determined the or waiver of parking
in perpetuity enter
Tracking ID 4,5+,ADU,MH yed UnitsUnitsOwner or Total Maximum Allowable to the Project (Excluding
units were affordablestandards? (Y/N)
+
)
RenterResidential Gross Floor (Excluding Parking Parking Waivers
1000)
(see instructions)
Area)Waivers or Parking or Parking
Reductions)Modifications)
1919 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119604SFA
Six New Units
Unit# 2
1921 W
-
Habitat for Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119605SFA
Six New Units
Unit# 1
1921 W
-
Habitat for Humanity
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119606SFA
Six New Units
Unit# 2
1923 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119607SFA
Six New Units
Unit# 1
1923 W
Habitat for Humanity -
405-101-37Washington Ave 101119608SFA
Six New Units
Unit# 2
Mai - New SFD,
007-163-181834 W Third StJADU, and Detached 101120601SFD
ADU
2033 S Evergreen
014-122-27101114946SFD
St
108-072-28430 S Euclid St101101502SFD
198-311-121413 N Hastings St101113491SFD
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-54 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
This table is auto-populated once you enter your jurisdiction name and current
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
year data. Past year information comes from previous APRs.
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
2025(Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
Reporting Year
Please contact HCD if your data is different than the material supplied here
Housing Element Implementation
6th Cycle
Planning Period
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table B
Regional Housing Needs Allocation Progress
Permitted Units Issued by Affordability
Projection
1Period34
2
Projection
Total Units Total Remaining
RHNA Allocation Period -
Income Level202120222023202420252026202720282029to Date (all RHNA by
by Income Level06/30/2021-
years)Income Level
10/14/2021
Deed Restricted
- - - - - - - -
- -
- - -
Non-Deed Restricted
Acutely Low
- - - - - - - -
- -
Deed Restricted
- 16 63 47 - - -
- - -
- 126 -
Non-Deed Restricted
Extremely Low
- - - - - - -
- - -
Deed Restricted
- 11 85 - - 5 -
- - -
606 425 181
Non-Deed Restricted
Very Low
7 7 43 17 48 76 -
- - -
Deed Restricted
- - 21 16 8 - -
- - -
362 440 -
Non-Deed Restricted
Low
29 14 81 97 73 101 - -
- -
Deed Restricted
- - - - - 6 -
- - -
545 271
274
Non-Deed Restricted
Moderate
3 8 41 84 65 67 -
- - -
Above Moderate
1,624 120 519 567 2,281 70 61 -
- - - 3,618 -
3,137
Total RHNA
159 575 901 2,542 264 316 - -
- - 4,757 452
Total Units
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-55 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
Reporting Year 202531)
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Housing Element Implementation
Planning Period 6th Cycle
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table C
Sites Identified or Rezoned to Accommodate Shortfall Housing Need and No Net-Loss Law
Date of
Project IdentifierRHNA Shortfall by Household Income CategorySites Description
Rezone Type
Rezone
2456791011
138
Local
Above Minimum Maximum
Date of Very Low-Moderate-Rezone TypeParcel SizeGeneral Plan Realistic Description of
+
Jurisdiction
APNStreet AddressLow-IncomeModerate-ZoningDensity Density Vacant/Nonvacant
Project Name
RezoneIncomeIncome(Acres)DesignationCapacityExisting Uses
+
IncomeAllowed Allowed
Tracking ID
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-56 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
Reporting Year 2025(Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
D_1_NameD_2_ObjectiveD_5_CompleteD_6_CycleD_7_ImpStatusD_4_StatusD_8_CatOutcomesD_9_CountOutcomesD_10_Documents
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
A. Contract with a local nonprofit
In CY 2025, the City partnered with Habitat
organization (currently Habitat for
for Humanity of Orange County to oversee
Humanity) to implement the CityÓs
its Residential Rehabilitation Grant
Residential Rehabilitation Grant Program. Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
Program. Under this agreement, grants of
Provide grants of up to $25,000 to 25
look at multiple reports to add up the right
up to $25,000 were awarded to nine (9)
households per year until 2024Ïafter 2024
1. Single-Family and Mobile
quarters for the calendar year):
12/31/20296th CycleContinuoushouseholds to support the repair and Households9
Home Rehabilitation dependent on fundingÏfor the repair and
rehabilitation of single-family and mobile
rehabilitation of single-family and mobile
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
homes. Priority was given to applicants in
homes, prioritizing applicants in R/ECAP
quarterly-reports/
CDBG census tracts, seniors (62+),
and TCAC census tracts, seniors (62 years
disabled residents, and low-income
and older), disabled residents, and low-
households.
income households.
B. Conduct an annual workshop starting In CY 2025, due to limited availability of Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
Fiscal Year 2023-2024 to promote funds, staff temporarily discontinued
look at multiple reports to add up the right
1. Single-Family and Mobile rehabilitation grants and available housing outreach efforts, as there were more
quarters for the calendar year):
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousMeetings
Home Rehabilitation programs/opportunities to all owner applications than funds available.
occupied single-family and mobile home Outreach activities will restart when more
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
residents in the city.funds become available.
quarterly-reports/
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-57 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
Throughout2025, the City continuedto
support development of affordable housing
through various funding sources, including
Inclusionary Housing, HHAP, PBVs, and
LMIHAF. As of December 31, 2025, two
projects are under construction and one (1)
is in pre-development. In addition, one
project was completed during CY 2025:
A. Provide financial assistance to support
Pre-Development
the acquisition, rehabilitation, and new
- Habitat for Humanity's 425 E. Wellington
construction of properties to preserve and
Ave. project will convert a nine (9)-unit
increase affordable housing opportunities
rental property into affordable ownership
for lower income households through the
units, with $920,000 in Inclusionary
following programs: (1) Low and Moderate FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
Housing funds allocated for down payment
Income Housing Asset Fund (LMIHAF)
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
assistance.
2. Multiple-Family
including land assets owned by the
Acquisition and 12/31/20296th CycleContinuous
Units42
Housing Successor Agency; (2)
https://www.santa-
Rehabilitation
Under Construction
Inclusionary Housing Fund (Inclusionary);
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
- Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing
(3) HOME Investment Partnerships
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
(918 N. Bewley St.), funded by HHAP
Program (HOME); (4) Community
($2,021,319) and eight (8) PBVs, will
Development Block Grant Program
rehabilitate two (2) buildings into eleven
(CDBG); (5) Project-Based Voucher
(11) permanent supportive housing units
Program (PBV); and (6) HOME- American
for homeless transitional-age youth and
Rescue Plan (HOME-ARP).
seniors.
- The Habitat for Humanity 1921 W.
Washington Ave. project, funded by
Inclusionary Housing ($2,200,000),
involves new construction of six (6) single-
family homes for 80% AMI households.
Completed
In 2025, progress continued on RFP #23-
156, which was issued in October 2023 to
B. Once per year, issue a Request for support the development of affordable
Proposals (RFP) for the development of homeownership opportunities. The RFP
affordable housing in the city. Proposed made $7,796,256 in HOME funds available
developments may be for acquisition and for projects involving the acquisition,
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
rehabilitation of eligible properties for rental rehabilitation, conversion, or new
Report. Please see pg. 8:
and/or ownership housing; acquisition and construction of affordable ownership
2. Multiple-Family
Acquisition and conversion of nonresidential property to 12/31/20296th CycleContinuoushousing. On July 1, 2025, the City Council Units9
https://www.santa-
Rehabilitationmultifamily housing units; and/or new approved $920,000 in funding for Habitat
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
construction of housing units for rental for Humanity's 425 E. Wellington Ave.
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
and/or ownership housing. The objective is project. The project will convert nine (9)
to finance the development of at least one existing rental units to affordable
multifamily affordable housing project per ownership condominium units.
year.
City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
CY 2025 to be released in 2026.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-58 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
3.NeighborhoodA.Create, assist, and supportThrough the EJ Action Committee, NIES
Improvementneighborhood associations, especially inhas been able to outline the support of
R/ECAP and TCAC census tracts, toresidents within identified as
collaborate on projects, and sponsor andenvironmentally impacted according to the
hold annual events.Census tract. Specifically, NIES' Air
Quality Montoring Project, funded through
the SoCal Gas grant, will require the
assistance and support of residents
represented on the EJ Action Committee NIES Division Webpage:
who are also leaders in the City's https://www.santa-
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousPersons20
Neighborhood Associations. Also, ana.org/departments/neighborhood-
volunteer agreements with residents will initiatives/
serve to provide support of this project by
implementing an air monitor outside the
residence of these communities. The goal
is that through these collaborations and
support that updates will be provided to the
community at each of the City's Quarterly
meetings.
3.NeighborhoodB.Provide capacity-building support to the
NIES has composed a service matrix that
ImprovementSanta Ana Communication Linkage Forum
will further support the efforts of Com-Link
(Com-Link) Î the CityÓs neighborhood
by ensuring reactivation of neighborhood
associationsÓ advocacy organization, and
associations that have been deemed
the Santa Ana Neighborhood Associations
Com-link Program webpage:
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousinactive for some time. Through the Other1
to engage and support residents to involve
https://www.santa-ana.org/com-link/
continued support, PBA's NIES team will
and emerge as leaders in their
continue to oversee that emerging leaders
neighborhoods.
are provided with self- sustaning tools that
will further support communities.
4.NeighborhoodA.Complete infrastructure improvements
Infrastructurein residential neighborhoods consistent
with the CityÓs Capital Improvement
Program (CIP). The CIP is updated every
Complete public infrastructure
fiscal year and is available to view on the
Cedar St. Rehab: Occidental to Edinger:
improvement project(s) in residential
CityÓs website: The CIP is updated every
https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/sant
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousneighborhoods on an annual basis Other2
fiscal year and is available to view on the
aanaca/2025/06/FY25-26-ADOPTED-CIP-
contingent with funding allocated in the
CityÓs website: https://www.santa-
Book-V16_ONLINE_Final_compressed.pdf
Capital Improvement Program.
ana.org/capital-improvement-program.
Identify improvements from the City's asset
management plans for inclusion in the
yearly CIP/budget.
4.NeighborhoodB.Seek additional funds to improve
Infrastructureinfrastructure, including state and federal
grants for improvements for health and
wellness, prioritizing R/ECAP and TCAC
census tracts. Prioritize grant opportunities
https://www.santa-ana.org/documents/fiscal-
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther2
to fund active transportation and
year-2024-25-city-budget-detail/
/ƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ğĭƷźǝĻ ƷƩğƓƭƦƚƩƷğƷźƚƓ
infrastructure improvements on an ongoing
basis and maximize opportunities in
źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƓ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ
R/ECAPs and TCAC census tracts.
ƓĻźŭŷĬƚƩŷƚƚķƭ ĭƚƓƷźƓŭĻƓƷ ƚƓ ŭƩğƓƷ
ŅǒƓķźƓŭ͵
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-59 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
5. Healthy Neighborhoods A. Continue to implement Santa Ana
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ŷğƭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷĻķ ƭĻǝĻƩğƌ
Initiatives Green program, including tree planting,
ƭǒƭƷğźƓğĬƌĻ źƓŅƩğƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷƭ źƓ
https://www.santa-ana.org/capital-
corridor greenways, build-green initiatives,
ЋЉЋЎͲ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭͲ ĬǒƷ ƓƚƷ ƌźƒźƷĻķ Ʒƚ Ņƌƚƚķ
6th CycleContinuousOther
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ
improvement-program/
and energy conservation.
ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓͲ ƦƩƚƷĻĭƷĻķ ĬźƉĻ ƌğƓĻƭͲ ğƓķ
ƒĻķźğƓ źƒƦƩƚǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
5. Healthy Neighborhoods B. Collaborate with neighborhoods and
Santa Ana PRCSA has advanced healthy
Initiatives community organizations, especially in
neighborhood outcomes through
R/ECAP and TCAC census tracts, to
community gardens, fitness court
promote Healthy Neighborhood Initiative,
programming, the Santa Ana Fun Run,
hold five community garden workshops,
and RECREAuto mobile recreation.
program the CityÓs fitness courts, hold
The CityÓs community garden program
annual 5k and Fit festival, and operate
provides residents with hands-on
Street Team with the objective of bringing
opportunities to grow food, learn
recreation activities to communities that
sustainable gardening practices through
are challenged with lack of park space.
monthly workshops, and build social
connectionsÏsupporting food access,
Annual numbers for the Community Garden
wellness, and community cohesion,
Program: 8,302; Annual numbers for the
including in underserved neighborhoods.
2024 Santa Ana Fun Run-2,800 registered
PRCSA programs the CityÓs outdoor
runners; RecreAuto Mobile Recreation
fitness courts with free, accessible
Program-2,080 participants served at multiple
workouts and group fitness activities that
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousPersons9999park deficient areas across the City.
lower barriers to physical activity for all
ages and abilities.
Timothy Pagano, Deputy Parks, Recreation,
The annual Santa Ana Fun Run brings
and Community Services Director
residents together for a 5K/10k and family-
Phone: 714-571-4219
friendly health and wellness experiences
Email: tpagano@santa-ana.org
that promote active lifestyles and
community pride.
Through RECreAuto, PRCSAÓs Street
Team delivers pop-up recreationÏgames,
sports, arts, and wellness
activitiesÏdirectly into neighborhoods with
limited park space, expanding equitable
access to recreation and health-promoting
opportunities across R/ECAP and TCAC
areas.
5. Healthy Neighborhoods C.Update the CityÓs zoning code
Initiatives development and operational standards for
industrial zones to address incompatibility
with adjacent uses, including minimum
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
distance requirements to buffer heavy
Update project continued in 2025 with
industrial uses from sensitive receptors.
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
Conduct a study to evaluate and establish
of the draft update for public review in
appropriate minimum distances and
2026.
landscape buffers between polluting
industrial uses from sensitive receptors
such as residences.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-60 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
6. Santa Ana Building A. Proactively engage SABHC leaders and
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Healthy Communities other advocacy stakeholders to forge a
Update project continued in 2025 with
comprehensive health agenda to be
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
included in the zoning code update (see
of the draft update for public review in
Program 18).
2026.
7. Building Community A. Prepare an annual report for City The City prepared and submitted an
Efforts Council and public review providing the
Annual Progress Report, which included a
progress made toward achieving the summary of progress made toward
City of Santa Ana's Annual Progress
quantifiable objectives in the Housing achieving the objectives of the Housing
Report Webpage:
Element implementation table. Report to Element implementation table.
6th CycleContinuousOther1
ЍΉЊΉЋЉЋЏ
https://www.santa-ana.org/annual-progress-
include monitoring of housing production
report/
and distribution, especially lower income
units, by TCAC areas, CalEnviroScreen
ranking, and R/ECAP status.
7. Building Community B. Pursue grants and partnership
PRCSA works collaboratively through
Efforts opportunities from local, state, federal, and
several grant organizations and non-profit
nonprofit partners to continue and expand
community based organizations. Grants PRCSA is operating under currently-
strategic investments that build community.
Specifically, PRCSA works with the Kaiser American Red Cross (3 year grant cycle)
Permanente Community Benefit Fund, the $48,000; Kaiser Permanente Community
American Red Cross Centennial Benefit Foundation (2 year grant cycle)
Campaign, and USA Swimming for our $75,000; USA Swimming Foundation (1 Year
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther9999
Aquatics Section. Lastly, our Community grant cycle) $10,000; Estimated value of in-
Engagment Section has spearheaded kind donatons from Project Kinship is
parternships and sponsorship agreements $45,000; Estimated value of in-kind
with both for profit and non-profit donations from Asian America Senior
organizations such as Project Kinship and Citizens Service Club (AASCSC) is $20,000.
the Asian American Senior Citizens
Service Club (AASCSC).
7. Building Community C. Continue to make strategic investments
In 2025, the City has made investments in
Efforts in parks, recreation, access to healthy
several parks facilities. A few highlights
food, safe routes to school, and other
Timothy Pagano, Deputy Parks, Recreation,
include the River's Edge exhibit at the
capital improvements, such as achieving
and Community Services Director
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousSanta Ana Zoo, transformation of Other
three acres of parkland per 1,000 residents
Phone: 714-571-4219
deteriorating equipment at Santdpointe
set out in Land Use and Open Space
Email: tpagano@santa-ana.org
Park, and ADA improvements at various
elements, and Parks Master Plan to
park facilities.
improve resident health.
8. Neighborhood Safety A. Apply the principles of Crime Prevention The Planning Division and the Police
Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Department continue to review
https://www.santa-ana.org/major-planning-
to all development project applications to development projects for the application of
Other39projects-and-monthly-development-project-
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ 6th CycleContinuous
enhance safety and security within all CPTED principles during the development
reports/
residential developments.project reivew process.
8. Neighborhood Safety B. Create and implement a housing The City has an ongoing housing amnesty
amnesty program for unpermitted units in program for unpermitted ADUs built before
the city, prioritizing neighborhoods with a January 1, 2020, offering benefits like
Siri Champion, AICP, Principal Planner
disproportionate number or code simplified habitability standards and
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedUnits2Phone: 714-667-2751
enforcement cases for unpermitted units, waived fees. In 2025, two non-permitted
Email: schampion@santa-ana.org
to facilitate legalization and address units were legalized.
potential life safety issues.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-61 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
9. Property Maintenance A. Evaluate the appropriateness of the new Santa Ana requires adherence to building
Property Maintenance Standards (Healthy
Standards Healthy Housing Standards for applicability and property maintenance standards in its
Hosuing)
to Santa Ana Municipal Codes and municipal codes (e.g., International
https://www.santa-ana.org/property-
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther
incorporate relevant portions to assist city Property Maintenance Code and Health
maintenance-standards-healthy-housing/
staff in conducting inspections and and Safety Standards related to
enforcing city codes. substandard housing).
9. Property Maintenance B. Connect residents with Orange County
Standards Health Department regarding County
In 2025, the City of Santa AnaÓs
health services and educational
Neighborhood Initiatives and
opportunities, including Senate Bill 488
Environmental Services Office has
mandates related to lead hazards.
provided residents with resources offered
by the Orange County Health Care Agency
(OCHCA) for lead testing and remediation
services. Through ongoing community
engagement efforts, the City has shared
information regarding lead-related
programs, current studies, and available
Free lead Hazard Program webpage:
6th CycleContinuousgrant funding opportunities, while Meetings3
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ https://www.santa-ana.org/documents/free-
encouraging Santa Ana residents to enroll
lead-hazard-removal-program/
in OCHCAÓs Lead Remediation Program.
These efforts include community
engagement through awarness of
porgrams such as promoting access to
blood lead level testing services conducted
in partnership with Orange County
Environmental Justice and Orange County
Health Care Agency.
In CY 2025, the City continued its efforts to
prevent displacement by coordinating the
Residential Rehabilitation Grant Program
with Code Enforcement and the Proactive
Rental Enforcement Program (PREP). In
C. Coordinate the CityÓs Residential
partnership with Habitat for Humanity of
Rehabilitation Grant Program (see
Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
Orange County, the program provided
program No. 1) with Code Enforcement
grants of up to $25,000 to nine (9) look at multiple reports to add up the right
and Proactive Rental Enforcement
9. Property Maintenance households for health and safety repairs in
quarters for the calendar year):
Program (PREP) to provide assistance to 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousHouseholds9
Standards single-family and mobile homes. Priority
low-income households and prevent
was given to low-income households,
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
displacement where feasible when the City
seniors (62+), disabled residents, and
quarterly-reports/
is requiring health and safety repairs to
properties located in CDBG census tracts.
comply with building code.
By aligning this program with enforcement
efforts, the City helped ensure that
necessary repairs were made while
supporting housing stability for vulnerable
residents.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-62 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
10. Proactive Rental A. Inspect at least 4,200 rental housing The City's Code Enforcement Division
Enforcement (PREP)units annually and bring them into conducts inspections of more than 4,200
Proactive Rental Enforcement Program
compliance with City codes and standards rental housing units each year and works
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits5400
Webpage:
while also preserving the CityÓs housing to bring them into compliance with City
https://www.santa-ana.org/prep-program/
stock.Codes and standards, which preserves the
City's housing stock.
10. Proactive Rental B. Prepare an annual report for City The City's Code Enforcement Division
Enforcement (PREP)Council summarizing Proactive Rental prepares and submits quarterly and annual
https://www.hcd.ca.gov/housing-
Enforcement Program (PREP) activities reports to the City Council summarizing
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherelements/docs/santa-ana-6th-
and accomplishments. Proactive Rental Enforcement Program
adopted072622.pdf
activities and accomplishments.
10. Proactive Rental C. Work with the Orange County Health The City's Code Proactive Rental
Enforcement (PREP)Care Agency to identify infestation code Enforcement team continously works with
https://www.hcd.ca.gov/housing-
violations and streamline resolution of the Orange County Health Care Agency to
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherelements/docs/santa-ana-6th-
violations.identify infestation code violations and
draft102121.pdf
streamline resolution of them.
11. Residential Response A. Inspect at least 2,000 housing units The City's Residential Response Team
https://www.hcd.ca.gov/housing-
Team (RRT) annually and bring them into compliance inspects more than 2,000 housing units
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits2500elements/docs/santa-ana-6th-
with City codes and standards.anualy to bring them into compliance with
adopted072622.pdf
City codes and standards.
11. Residential Response B. Work with the Orange County Health The City's Code Residential Response
Team (RRT) Care Agency to identify infestation code Team continously works with the Orange
Residential Response Team webpage
violations and streamline resolution of County Health Care Agency to identify
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther3https://www.santa-ana.org/residential-
violations.infestation code violations and streamline
response-team-rrt/
resolution of them.
11. Residential Response C. Continue to incorporate traditional code
The City's Code Enforcement Division,
Team (RRT) enforcement with community education
Neighborhood Initiatives and
and empowerment by continuing to offer
Environmental Services team, Public Santa Ana's Residential Response Team
neighborhood beautification programs
Works Agency, and Parks and Recreation
webpage:
such as tree planting, cleanup programs,
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousMeetings26
Division collaborate to educate the public
https://www.santa-ana.org/residential-
and other initiatives.
through workshops and offer neighborhood
response-team-rrt/
beautification programs, including tree
planting and neighborhood cleanup.
12. Historic Program and A. Implement the historic preservation
Ordinanceprogram and associated ordinances and
In 2025, staff reviewed and approved 10
incentives, including Mills Act, design
new Historic Property Preservation
Pedro Gomez, AICP, Principal Planner
review, etc., with a goal of entering into
Agreements (HPPAs) for the Mills Act
12/31/20316th CycleContinuousOther386Phone: 714-667-2790
contract with and/or renewing at least 20
program. Also, all existing 376 Mills Act
Email: HistoricPreservation@santa-ana.org
historic resource preservation agreements
contracts were renewed for another year
annually during the planning period.
as part of their ten-year contract period
12. Historic Program and B. Proactively reach out to at least 20 In 2025, staff reviewed 30 potential
Ordinanceowners of properties eligible for placement properties for historic listing and of which,
Pedro Gomez, AICP, Principal Planner
on the local register of historic properties approved 8 new local register listings.
12/31/20316th CycleContinuousUnits8Phone: 714-667-2790
annually to encourage voluntary listing and
Email: HistoricPreservation@santa-ana.org
preservation of resource during the
planning period.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-63 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
13. Historic Home A. Seek new funding sources, including
Rehabilitation Incentive grants and loans, that can be used or
Pedro Gomez, AICP, Principal Planner
leveraged with others funding sources to
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo Update for CY 2025.OtherPhone: 714-667-2790
focus preventive, rather than corrective,
Email: HistoricPreservation@santa-ana.org
repairs of historic homes and complement
the Mills Act program.
B. Establish a fee reduction or waiver
program for low-income applicants to
Judson Brown, Housing Manager
13. Historic Home ensure equitable access and participation
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo Update for CY 2025.Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Rehabilitation Incentive in the Mills Act Program. The number of
(714) 667-2241
participants in the program will be
determined once funding is secured.
14. Transit Zoning Code / A. Update the development review
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Specific Development No. processes and standards for the plan area
Update project continued in 2025 with
84 (SD-84) to streamline and incentivize by-right
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
housing and mixed-use developments.
of the draft update for public review in
2026.
The FX Residences project (located in the
SD-84 plan area) was fully leased up by
October 2025. Approved by City Council,
the project consists of sixteen (16) units of
permanent supportive housing and one
B. Through the CityÓs RFP for Affordable
managerÓs unit. The City provided financial
Housing Development (see program No.
assistance through $1,656,947 in Housing
2), facilitate and encourage the
Successor Agency funds, three Project-FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
development in SD-84 plan area of a
Based Vouchers (PBVs), and a 99-year
Report. Please see pg. 10:
14. Transit Zoning Code / variety of housing types and mix of
ground lease agreement for the property.
Specific Development No. affordability levels, including for lower 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits16
Developed by HomeAid Orange County,
https://www.santa-
84 (SD-84) income households using appropriate
Inc., with Mercy House as the service
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
incentives, such as awarding bonus points
provider, FX Residences is now providing
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
to developers whose projects provide at
much-needed housing for individuals
least 75% or more of the number of units to
experiencing homelessness. By prioritizing
extremely low-income families at 30% AMI.
affordable housing in the SD-84 plan area,
the City continues to facilitate and
encourage development that serves
extremely low-income households and
supports long-term housing stability.
15. Metro East Mixed-Use A. Update the development review
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Overlay Zone (MEMU) processes and standards for the plan area
Update project continued in 2025 with
to streamline and incentivize by-right
stakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
6th CycleIn Progress
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ
housing and mixed-use developments.
of the draft update for public review in
2026.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-64 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
B. Through the CityÓs RFP for Affordable
Housing Development (see program No.
2), facilitate and encourage the
development in MEMU plan area of a
variety of housing types and mix of Judson Brown, Housing Manager
15. Metro East Mixed-Use
affordability levels, including for lower 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousNo Update for CY 2025.Unitsjbrown@santa-ana.org
Overlay Zone (MEMU)
income households using appropriate (714) 667-2241
incentives, such as awarding bonus points
to developers whose projects provide at
least 75% or more of the number of units to
extremely low-income families at 30% AMI.
16. Harbor Mixed-Use A. Update the development review
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Transit Corridor Specific processes and standards for the plan area
Update project continued in 2025 with
Plan (SP-2)to streamline and incentivize by-right
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ
housing and mixed-use developments.
of the draft update for public review in
2026.
B. Through the CityÓs RFP for Affordable
Housing Development (see program No.
2), facilitate and encourage the
development in SP-2 plan area of a variety
of housing types and mix of affordability Judson Brown, Housing Manager
16. Harbor Mixed-Use
levels, including for lower income 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousNo Update for CY 2025.Unitsjbrown@santa-ana.org
Transit Corridor Specific
households using appropriate incentives, (714) 667-2241
Plan (SP-2)
such as awarding bonus points to
developers whose projects provide at least
75% or more of the number of units to
extremely low-income families at 30% AMI.
17. General Plan A. Implement, monitor, and review the
The City prepared and submitted an
CityÓs General Plan and its elements, in Annual Progress Report, which included a
particular the Land Use Element, to review of the City's General Plan and
determine its effectiveness in facilitating elements and determined that the plan and
https://www.santa-ana.org/annual-progress-
6th CycleContinuousOther1
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ
housing development as part of the CityÓs its elements are effective in facilitating
report/
General Plan Annual Progress Report. If housing development.
goals of the General Plan are not being
met, amend as needed.
18. Zoning Code Update A. Comprehensively update the Zoning
Code and design standards to achieve
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
consistency with the updated General Plan
Update project continued in 2025 with
land use designations and goals, and to
stakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progress
comply with new state laws such as AB
of the draft update for public review in
1397, AB 139, AB 101, AB 2162, and the
2026.
Employee Housing Act.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-65 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
19. Building Design A. Create comprehensive objective design
Standards standards as part of the Zoning Code
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Update (see program 18) to address the
Update project continued in 2025 with
unique needs of residential/mixed-use
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
products and provide a level of
of the draft update for public review in
development design certainty to the
2026.
community and developers alike.
19. Building Design B. Create new Active Design Guidelines
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Standards and accompanying incentives as part of
Update project continued in 2025 with
the Zoning Code Update (see program 18)
6th CycleIn Progress
stakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
to encourage and foster housing designs
of the draft update for public review in
that improve health and wellness.
2026.
20. Development Review A. Create a checklist of healthy design
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
components based on the adopted Active
Update project continued in 2025 with
Design Guidelines in the Zoning Code
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
Update (see program 18) to allow
of the draft update for public review in
implementation healthy community
2026.
components into new projects.
20. Development Review B. Develop recommendations for additional
resources to support expedited and
In 2025, in partnership with OCCOG, the Siri Champion, AICP, Principal Planner
efficient development project review, such
ЏΉЌЉΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn ProgressCity initiated an effort to audit the City's Other1Phone: 714-667-2751
as an applicant guide or additional staffing.
development project review processes.Email: schampion@santa-ana.org
In 2025, progress continued on RFP #23-
156, which was issued in October 2023 to
support the development of affordable
homeownership opportunities. The RFP
made $7,796,256 in HOME funds available
for projects involving the acquisition,
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
rehabilitation, conversion, or new
Report. Please see pg. 8:
A. Provide financial support and technical construction of affordable ownership
assistance to nonprofit and for-profit housing.
21. Affordable Housing
https://www.santa-
organizations that provide affordable 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits9
Incentives
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
housing for extremely low-, very low-, and On July 1, 2025, the City Council approved
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
low-income families in Santa Ana.$920,000 in funding for Habitat for
Humanity's 425 E. Wellington Ave. project.
The project will convert nine (9) existing
rental units to affordable ownership
condominium units.
City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
CY 2025 to be released in 2026.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-66 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
Throughout2025, the City continuedto
support development of affordable housing
through various funding sources, including
Inclusionary Housing, HHAP, PBVs, and
LMIHAF. As of December 31, 2025, two
projects are under construction and one (1)
is in pre-development. In addition, one
project was completed during CY 2025:
B. Provide financial assistance to support
Pre-Development
the acquisition, rehabilitation, and new
- Habitat for Humanity's 425 E. Wellington
construction of properties to preserve and
Ave. project will convert a nine (9)-unit
increase affordable housing opportunities
rental property into affordable ownership
for lower income households through the
units, with $920,000 in Inclusionary
following programs: (1) Low and Moderate FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
Housing funds allocated for down payment
Income Housing Asset Fund (LMIHAF)
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
assistance.
including land assets owned by the
21. Affordable Housing
12/31/20296th CycleContinuous
Units42
Incentives Housing Successor Agency; (2)
https://www.santa-
Under Construction
Inclusionary Housing Fund (Inclusionary);
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
- Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing
(3) HOME Investment Partnerships
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
(918 N. Bewley St.), funded by HHAP
Program (HOME); (4) Community
($2,021,319) and eight (8) PBVs, will
Development Block Grant Program
rehabilitate two (2) buildings into eleven
(CDBG); (5) Project-Based Voucher
(11) permanent supportive housing units
Program (PBV); and (6) HOME- American
for homeless transitional-age youth and
Rescue Plan (HOME-ARP).
seniors.
- The Habitat for Humanity 1921 W.
Washington Ave. project, funded by
Inclusionary Housing ($2,200,000),
involves new construction of six (6) single-
family homes for 80% AMI households.
Completed
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-67 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In 2025, progress continued on RFP #23-
156, which was issued in October 2023 to
support the development of affordable
homeownership opportunities. The RFP
made $7,796,256 in HOME funds available
for projects involving the acquisition,
C. Issue a Request for Proposals (RFP)
rehabilitation, conversion, or new
annually for the development of affordable
construction of affordable ownership
housing in Santa Ana. Proposed
housing.
developments may be for acquisition and
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
rehabilitation of eligible properties for rental
On July 1, 2025, the City Council approved
Report. Please see pg. 8:
and/or ownership housing; acquisition and
21. Affordable Housing $920,000 in funding for Habitat for
conversion of nonresidential property to 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits9
Incentives Humanity's 425 E. Wellington Ave. project.
https://www.santa-
multifamily housing units; and/or new
The project will convert nine (9) existing
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly
-
construction of housing units for rental
rental units to affordable ownership
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
and/or ownership housing. The objective is
condominium units.
to finance the development of at least one
multifamily affordable housing project per
The City continues to provide weekly
year.
technical assistance to Habitat for
Humanity and remains committed to
supporting future affordable housing
opportunities in Santa Ana. Furthermore,
City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
CY 2025 to be released in 2026.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-68 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City continued to provide
financial support and technical assistance
to nonprofit and for-profit organizations
developing affordable housing for
extremely low-income households.
Amongst various other projects, the City
worked closely with the Illumination
Foundation on the Richard Lehn
Intergenerational Housing Project at 918
N. Bewley St. In 2024, the City executed a
conditional grant agreement and regulatory
agreement with Illumination Foundation for
$2,021,319 in Homeless Housing, FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
A. Provide financial support and technical
Assistance and Prevention Program
Report. Please see pg. 9:
assistance to nonprofit and for-profit
22. Extremely Low-Income Round 1, 2, and 3 funds for the
organizations that provide affordable 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits11
Housing development of the Richard Lehn
https://www.santa-
housing for extremely low-income
Intergenerational Housing Project located
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly
-
households.
at 918 Bewley Street. This development
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
will provide eleven (11) permanent and
supportive housing units for homeless
transitional age youth (TAY) aged 18 to 24,
ensuring access to stable housing and
critical supportive services. The developer
received their building and grading permit
on May 13, 2025 and the project remains
on track for completion by the end of 2025,
further advancing the City's commitment to
providing housing solutions and workforce
development opportunities for homeless
youth.
In CY 2025, began drafting an application
for the 2026 Prohousing Incentive Program
(PIP). The PIP is designed to reward local Prohousing Incentive Program webpage:
government with Prohousing Designation
with additional funding to accelerate https://www.hcd.ca.gov/funding/pip
B. Apply for additional funding and provide
affordable housing production and
22. Extremely Low-Income other incentives as feasible to support the
12/31/20296th CycleContinuouspreservation. Other
List of Prohousing Designated
Housing production of affordable housing for
Jurisdictions:
extremely low-income households.
While the proposed activities are not yet
finalized, the City will seek to propose
https://www.hcd.ca.gov/planning-and-
activities that seek to expand housing
research/prohousing/designated-jurisdictions
opportunities for extremely low-income
households.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-69 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the Santa Ana Housing
Authority (SAHA) utilized more than
102.7% of the Annual Budget Authority
provided by HUD. SAHA also applied for
C. Apply for opportunities to expand the new funding opportunities and additional
number of housing choice vouchers vouchers. Specifically, The City of Santa Ana's Housing Authority
22. Extremely Low-Income
provided by the Housing Authority, and set 12/31/20296th CycleContinuouso In August 2025, SAHA received an Otherhttps://www.santa-ana.org/housing-authority-
Housing
aside at least 75% of vouchers for award of twenty-five (25) new Foster Youth general-resources/
extremely low-income households.to Independence vouchers awarded under
the requirements of Notice PIH 2023-04.
o In December 2025, SAHA received
$312,475 in CY 2025 HAP Set-Aside funds
for our Mainstream Voucher Program.
D. Through the CityÓs RFP for Affordable
Housing Development, award bonus points
Judson Brown, Housing Manager
22. Extremely Low-Income to Developers whose projects provide at
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousNo update for CY 2025.Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Housing least 75% or more for the number of units
(714) 667-2241
for extremely low-income families at 30%
AMI.
In 2025, progress continued on RFP #23-
156, which was issued in October 2023 to
support the development of affordable
homeownership opportunities. The RFP
included a land asset owned by the
Housing Authority of the City of Santa Ana
A. Provide and/or leverage Successor
acting as the Housing Successor Agency.
Housing Agency funds with other sources
However, the project awarded did not Judson Brown, Housing Manager
23. Successor Housing of funding to support the production and/or
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousinclude the development of the Housing Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Agencyrehabilitation of affordable housing for
Successor land asset. (714) 667-2241
extremely low-, very low-, and low-income
families.
City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
CY 2025 to be released in 2026. The RFP
will make Housing Successor Agency
Funds available along with Inclusionary
Housing funds, HOME Program funds, and
HOME-ARP Program funds.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-70 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
During CY 2025, FX Residences (801,
807, 809, and 809 ½ E. Santa Ana Blvd.),
B. Set aside Successor Housing Agency
funded by the Housing Successor Agency
funding for the purpose of increasing,
($1,656,947), three (3) PBVs, and a 99-
improving and preserving the communityÓs
year ground lease is a sixteen (16)-unit
supply of low- and moderate-income
permanent supportive housing project
housing. The Successor Housing Agency
made significant progress. The project is
funding sources are generated from
designed to provide affordable housing for
proceeds from the sale of former
chronically homeless households and will FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
Redevelopment Agency housing assets,
include on-site amenities such as
Report. Please see pg. 10:
residual receipts from former
23. Successor Housing communal spaces, laundry facilities, and
Redevelopment Agency assets (i.e. loans), 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther
Agencyoffice space. The project was completed in
https://www.santa-
and a portion of the loan repayments from
early 2025 and was fully leased up by
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
the former Redevelopment Agency to the
October 2025.
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
City. This fund includes land assets owned
by the Housing Authority acting as the
Furthermore, City staff drafted a new RFP
Successor Housing Agency that must be
#26-004A in CY 2025 to be released in
developed for affordable housing or sold at
2026.. The RFP will make Housing
or above fair market value to increase the
Successor Agency Funds available along
Low and Moderate Income Housing Asset
with Inclusionary Housing funds, HOME
Fund.
Program funds, and HOME-ARP Program
funds.
A. Update the City's local density bonus
ordinance as part of the Zoning Code In 2025, the City made progress on the Comprehensive Zoning Code Update
Update (see program 18) in accordance Comprehensive Zoning Code Update,
webpage:
24. Density Bonus
with recent changes to state law to 12/31/20276th CycleIn Progresswhich includes updating the City's density Other
Ordinance Update
incentivize the development of extremely bonus ordinance in accordance with recent
https://www.santa-
low-, very low-, and low-income rental changes to state law.
ana.org/departments/zoning-code-update/
units.
B. Maintain up-to-date density bonus
Density Bonus Application:
The City's current Density Bonus
information on the CityÓs website to provide
24. Density Bonus application is available on the website and
developers with information on the 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther
https://www.santa-ana.org/documents/density-
Ordinance Update directs affordable housing developers to
opportunities to develop affordable housing
bonus-application/
the site for more information.
using state density bonus law.
In 2025, the City made density bonus
application determination within three
emonths of application submittal
C. Prepare and make density bonus contingent upon other discretionary actions
application determinations within three required for project approval.
24. Density Bonus months of application submittal to the
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherN/A
Ordinance Update review/approval body, contingent upon any During CY 2025, the City executed five (5)
other discretionary actions required for Density Bonus Agreements that will
approval of the project.generate thirty-six (36) affordable units, of
which fourteen (14) will provide affordable
homeownership opportunities for local
families.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-71 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The Community Development Agency's
Housing Division continues to manage
Inclusionary Housing Plans for new
projects per the Affordable Housing
A. Continue to offer incentives beyond the
requirements of the CityÓs inclusionary Opportunity & Creation Ordinance
housing ordinance, known as the (AHOCO). During CY 2025, the City
Housing Opportunity and Creation
Affordable Housing Opportunity & Creation approved five (5) Inclusionary Housing
25. Affordable Housing Ordinance webpage:
Ordinance (AHOCO). The city will continue Plans that will generate 18 units and over
Opportunity & Creation 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther5
to promote the program via the City's $5 million in in-lieu fees over the next few
Ordinance (AHOCO)
https://www.santa-ana.org/2021-affordable-
website and with developers. Every years.
housing-opportunity-and-creation-ordinance/
developer that brings a project forward will
be made aware of the incentives available The City continues to promote the program
at the time. on the City's website and provides
technical information to developers,
including the ordinance, administrative
procedures, and applications.
In CY 2025, the City approved one (1)
Inclusionary Housing Plan with an in-lieu
fee option. This will generate $5,149,440 in
in-lieu fees to be paid in the next few
years. No in-lieu fees were collected.
In CY 2025, the City continued to work with
Habitat for Humanity on the 425 E.
Wellington Ave. project, which was
allocated $920,000 in Inclusionary Housing
B. Collect and leverage in-lieu fees with FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
funds during CY 2024. Habitat for
other sources to support the production
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
25. Affordable Housing Humanity will convert a nine (9)-unit rental
and/or rehabilitation of affordable housing
Opportunity & Creation 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousproperty into affordable ownership units, Other3
for extremely low-, very low-, and low-
https://www.santa-
Ordinance (AHOCO)with the $920,000 in Inclusionary Housing
income families with a goal of funding eight
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly
-
funds allocated for down payment
projects for the planning period.
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
assistance.
Furthermore, the City continues to work
with Habitat for Humanity on the 1921 W.
Washington Ave. project, which received
$2,200,00 in Inclusionary Housing funds
(CY 2022) and involves new construction
of six (6) single-family homes for 80% AMI
households. The project is currently in
construction.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-72 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The City continues to monitor housing
production and AHOCO-qualifying projects
to assess development trends and
potential constraints. Inclusionary Housing
Funds have been allocated to support new
affordable homeownership opportunities.
C.Monitor the level of housing production
and AHOCO qualifying projects every two
During CY 2025, the City approved five (5)
25.Affordable Housingyears. If production levels fall belowJudson Brown, Housing Manager
Inclusionary Housing Plans that will
Opportunity & Creationhistoric trends, take actions to review and12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther5jbrown@santa-ana.org
generate eighteen (18) units and over $5
Ordinance (AHOCO)revise AHOCO fees and requirements to(714)667-2241
million in in-lieu fees over the next few
ameliorate potential constraints to
years.
development.
As housing production levels continue to
be evaluated, the City remains committed
to reviewing and revising AHOCO fees and
requirements as needed to support the
development of affordable housing.
26.Adaptive ReuseA.Evaluate, and if appropriate, amend the
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Adaptive Reuse Ordinance as part of the
Update project continued in 2025 with
Zoning Code Update (see program 18) to
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
remove potential constraints, such as
of the draft update for public review in
expanding the eligible areas and
2026.
structures.
26.Adaptive ReuseB.Proactively promote opportunities forOngoing
adaptive reuse of structures with historic
In 2023, the City of Santa Ana adopted an
merit or otherwise suitable to be converted
Adaptive Reuse Ordinance intended to
to quality residential and mixed-use
provide alternative building and fire
projects to property owners and interested
standards for the conversion of eligible
developers on the CityÓs website.
buildings, or portions thereof, within Adaptive Reue Promotional content via City
designated project incentive areas from of Santa Ana's Website:
nonresidential uses to dwelling units, guest
rooms, or joint living and work quarters.http://santa-ana.org/city-of-santa-ana-
6th CycleUnits2recognized-with-three-prestigious-awards-
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ
Throughout 2025, the City of Santa Ana from-the-american-planning-
updated its website to include development association/#:~:text=Winning%20Project:%20
projects utilizing adaptive reuse provisions, WISEPlace%20Permanent%20Supportive,of
such as the WISEPlace Permanent %20its%20most%20vulnerable%20residents.
Supportive Housing (PSH) Adaptive Reuse
Development, and continues to promote
adaptive reuse opportunities through
publicly accessible project information.
27.Variety of HouseholdA.Establish guidelines as part of the
Sizes ProgramZoning Code Update (see program 18) for
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
new housing development projects to
Update project continued in 2025 with
include a variety of unit sizes, including
stakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progress
units for large families, that are affordable
of the draft update for public review in
to extremely low-, very low-, and low-
2026.
income families.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-73 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
B. Through the issuance of the annual
RFP for Affordable Housing Development,
the City will facilitate and encourage the
development of larger rental and
ownership units for families, including
lower and moderate-income families, and
the provision of childcare, after-school The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
care, and other services when feasible, by Update project continued in 2025 with
27. Variety of Household
including selection criteria and points for 12/31/20296th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
Sizes Program
projects that significantly increases of the draft update for public review in
affordable housing opportunities for large 2026.
families (three- and four-bedroom units).
The RFP for Affordable Housing
Development is released once per year,
with the objective of financing the
development of at least one multifamily
affordable housing project per year.
28. Parking Study & A. Build on results of recent parking
Management studies and programs to identify need to
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
mitigate parking constraints for affordable
Update project continued in 2025 with
development and evaluate
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
residential/mixed-use standards. Utilize the
of the draft update for public review in
results of studies to inform parking
2026.
standards in the Zoning Code Update.
28. Parking Study & B. Reevaluate the Residential Parking
Management Permit Program to provide an equitable
ŷĻ /źƷǤ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻƭ Ʒƚ Ĭǒźƌķ ǒƦƚƓ ƷŷĻ
citywide permit parking program that
ƩĻƭǒƌƷƭ ƚŅ ƩĻĭĻƓƷ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷǒķźĻƭ ğƓķ
incorporates best practices and complies
ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƭ Ʒƚ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ƷŷĻ ƓĻĻķ Ʒƚ ƒźƷźŭğƷĻ
with state law.
ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ ŅƚƩ ğŅŅƚƩķğĬƌĻ ŷƚǒƭźƓŭ
https://www.santa-ana.org/my-residential-
12/31/20296th CycleIn Progress ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ Ʒƚ ĻǝğƌǒğƷĻ ƩĻƭźķĻƓƷźğƌ
Other1
parking-santa-ana/
ğƓķ ƒźǣĻķΏǒƭĻ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ͵ CźƓķźƓŭƭ
ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƭƷǒķźĻƭ ğƩĻ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷƌǤ ĬĻźƓŭ
ǒƷźƌźǩĻķ Ʒƚ źƓŅƚƩƒ ǒƦķğƷĻķ ƦğƩƉźƓŭ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķƭ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƚƓŭƚźƓŭ ƚƓźƓŭ
/ƚķĻ
ƦķğƷĻ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ͵
28. Parking Study & C. Collaborate with SCAG in a Curb
Management Management Study to identify best
practices and pilot project for parking,
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedDeemed InfeasibleOtherN/A
deliveries, and travel for all modes of travel
in the downtown.
D. Develop a pilot program to partner with
commercial property owners and school Marc Morley, Economic Development
28. Parking Study & districts to utilize parking at centers and Manager
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo update for CY 2025.Other
Management schools adjacent to residential uses to mmorley@santa-ana.org
expand parking options for residential (714) 647-6588
neighborhoods.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-74 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
28. Parking Study & E. Work with OCTA and other
Management transportation agencies to develop
strategies that encourage the utilization of
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
alternatives to current parking standards to
Update project continued in 2025 with
lower the cost of housing, support
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
greenhouse gas and vehicle miles traveled
of the draft update for public review in
goals and recognize the emergence of
2026.
shared and alternative transportation
modes.
1. In CY2025, the Santa Ana Housing
Authority (SAHA) utilized more than
102.7% of the Annual Budget Authority
provided by HUD.
2. SAHA applied for new funding
A. Provide housing assistance payments to opportunities and additional vouchers.
eligible households in the Housing Choice Specifically,
Voucher Program and adhere to policies o In August 2025, SAHA received an
and procedures in the federal regulations award of twenty-five (25) new Foster Youth
and in the Housing Choice Voucher to Independence vouchers awarded under
Program Administrative Plan. Administer the requirements of Notice PIH 2023-04.
100 percent of the funding provided to the o In December 2025, SAHA received
Housing Authority on an annual basis for $312,475 in CY 2025 HAP Set-Aside funds
eligible households. This includes Special for our Mainstream Voucher Program.
Purpose Vouchers including the Veterans
Affairs Supportive Housing Program, 3. Retained High Performer SEMAP status
29. Housing Choice https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-authority-
Mainstream Voucher Program, Foster 12/31/20296th CycleIn Progressas of the end of FYE June 30, 2025 by:Other
Voucher general-resources/
Youth to Independence Program, and - Implementing a Quality Control Program
Emergency Housing Voucher Program. that exceeds the minimum self-auditing
The objectives are to: (1) utilize 100 requirements for SEMAP. Under this
percent of the Annual Budget Authority Quality Control Program, we audit
provided by HUD for each CY; (2) apply for randomly selected files and inspections on
new funding opportunities for additional a monthly basis and provide this
vouchers; (3) retain High Performer information back to our staff with
SEMAP status; and (4) communicate on a continuous guidance and training.
regular basis with active landlords by Specifically, SAHA audited a total of 432
providing information on key program randomly selected files under SEMAP
updates.Indicator # 3, even though the minimum
sample size required to be audited based
on HUDÓs regulations was only 37 files.
This is equal to twelve (12) times the
number of files required to be audited by
HUD. For SEMAP Indicator # 5, SAHA
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-75 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The Santa Ana Housing Authority had the
following number of active participants in
the Family Self-Sufficiency Program for
each FY below:
o FY 2022: 106 active participants
o FY 2023: 93 active participants
A. Administer the Family Self-Sufficiency
o FY 2024: 129 active participants
program to empower and support Housing
o CY 2025: 136 active participants
Choice Voucher Program participants to
(changed to CY instead of FY)
achieve economic independence and self-https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-authority-
30. Family Self-Sufficiency12/31/20296th CycleContinuousHouseholds15
sufficiency while adhering to policies and general-resources/
The Santa Ana Housing Authority
procedures in the federal regulations and
graduated the following number of
in the FSS Action Plan. Graduate at least
participants from the Family Self-
two families per year.
Sufficiency Program for each FY below:
o FY 2022: 9 graduates
o FY 2023: 8 graduates
o FY 2024: 16 graduates
o CY 2025: 15 graduates (changed to CY
instead of FY)
In CY 2025, the City continued to monitor
Warwick Square Apartments, a project at
risk of converting to market rate, as part of
its efforts to preserve affordable housing.
The City remains in contact with the
A. Annually monitor the status of at-risk property owners and has met with them to
housing projects, specifically the Warwick discuss options for preserving the
Square, Highland Manor, and other property's affordability. As of the end of
projects that may have expiring affordability CY 2025, the City provided the developer Judson Brown, Housing Manager
31. Preservation of At Risk
covenants. Contact owners of properties at 12/31/20296th CycleContinuouswith a draft agreement for their review. The Other2jbrown@santa-ana.org
Housing
risk of conversion within one year of City will continue to work with the (714) 667-2241
expiration to discuss CityÓs desire and developer to execute this agreement.
support to preserve projects as affordable
housing.Regarding Highland Manor, in June 2024,
the owner submitted an application to
TCAC for additional tax credits. The City
conducted a Local Reviewing Agency
Project Evaluation Form strongly
supporting the project.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-76 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City continued to monitor
Warwick Square Apartments, a project at
risk of converting to market rate, as part of
its efforts to preserve affordable housing.
The City remains in contact with the
property owners and has met with them to
B. Coordinate with property owners to discuss options for preserving the
ensure notices to tenants are sent out at property's affordability. As of the end of
three years, twelve months, and six CY 2025, the City provided the developer Judson Brown, Housing Manager
31. Preservation of At Risk
months; educate tenants regarding 12/31/20296th CycleContinuouswith a draft agreement for their review. The Other2jbrown@santa-ana.org
Housing
tenantsÓ rights and conversion procedures City will continue to work with the (714) 667-2241
pursuant to state law (Government Code developer to execute this agreement.
Section 65863.13).
Regarding Highland Manor, in June 2024,
the owner submitted an application to
TCAC for additional tax credits. The City
conducted a Local Reviewing Agency
Project Evaluation Form strongly
supporting the project.
In CY 2025, the City continued to monitor
Warwick Square Apartments, a project at
risk of converting to market rate, as part of
its efforts to preserve affordable housing.
The City remains in contact with the
property owners and has met with them to
discuss options for preserving the
property's affordability. As of the end of
C. As resources are available, contact
CY 2025, the City provided the developer Judson Brown, Housing Manager
31. Preservation of At Risk agencies interested in purchasing and/or
12/31/20296th CycleContinuouswith a draft agreement for their review. The Other2jbrown@santa-ana.org
Housing managing at-risk units, including entities
City will continue to work with the (714) 667-2241
from the StateÓs qualified entities list.
developer to execute this agreement.
Regarding Highland Manor, in June 2024,
the owner submitted an application to
TCAC for additional tax credits. The City
conducted a Local Reviewing Agency
Project Evaluation Form strongly
supporting the project.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-77 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City continued to monitor
Warwick Square Apartments, a project at
risk of converting to market rate, as part of
its efforts to preserve affordable housing.
The City remains in contact with the
property owners and has met with them to
discuss options for preserving the
D. As resources are available, provide property's affordability. As of the end of
technical assistance, financial or regulatory CY 2025, the City provided the developer Judson Brown, Housing Manager
31. Preservation of At Risk
assistance as feasible to encourage and 12/31/20296th CycleContinuouswith a draft agreement for their review. The Other2jbrown@santa-ana.org
Housing
facilitate the preservation of projects at risk City will continue to work with the (714) 667-2241
of conversion.developer to execute this agreement.
Regarding Highland Manor, in June 2024,
the owner submitted an application to
TCAC for additional tax credits. The City
conducted a Local Reviewing Agency
Project Evaluation Form strongly
supporting the project.
On June 4, 2024, the City Council approve
the new Local Resident Preference in
A. Implement a local preference for
Local Resident Preference Ordinance:
Affordable Housing Ordinance to comply
32. Anti-displacement and residents who live or work in Santa Ana
12/31/20246th CycleCompletedwith the State of California Local Tenant Other1
Local Housing Preservationand need affordable housing in compliance
https://www.santa-ana.org/documents/local-
Preferences to Prevent Displacement Act
with all state and federal fair housing laws.
resident-preference-ordinance/
and codify the CityÓs existing local resident
preference policy.
B. Explore a right-of-first-refusal ordinance
During CY 2025, staff began the research
for mobile home parks and publicly
process on Tenant Opportunity to Judson Brown, Housing Manager
32. Anti-displacement and supported multifamily residential properties
12/31/20296th CycleIn ProgressPurchase ordinances across the country to Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Local Housing Preservation(including properties at risk of conversion)
explore the adoption of an ordinance at the (714) 667-2241
to minimize tenant displacement and
City.
preserve affordable housing stock.
C. Evaluate and pursue collective Judson Brown, Housing Manager
32. Anti-displacement and
ownership models for mobile home parks 12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo update for CY 2025.Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Local Housing Preservation
as a tool to prevent displacement.(714) 667-2241
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-78 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In November 2024, the voters of the City of
Santa Ana adopted a ballot initiative to
affirm the Rent Stabilization and Just
Cause Eviction Ordinance by a vote of
57.63%. During CY 2025, the City
continued implementing the Rent
Stabilization and Just Cause Eviction
Ordinance, first adopted by the City in
October 2021, to enhance tenant
protections and regulate rent increases.
The Rent Stabilization Division continued
its efforts by continuing to register
A. Implement the Just Cause Eviction
landlords to the Rental Registry, collecting Rent Stabilization and Just Cause Eviction
Ordinance and Rent Stabilization
fees to ensure compliance with the
Page:
33. Rent Stabilization and Ordinances that were adopted in October
12/31/20246th CycleCompletedordinance, developing educational Other1
Just Cause Eviction2021 to provide tenant protections beyond
materials, hosting community workshops
https://www.santa-ana.org/departments/rent-
state mandates and manage affordability
for both tenants and landlords, participated
stabilization/
of housing by regulating rent increases.
in various City events to promote
awareness of the ordinance, and
collaborated with local nonprofits to
strengthen outreach and support services.
To further support tenants, the City Council
unanimously approved a $100,000
emergency housing assistance program in
2025 for Santa Ana families impacted by
immigration enforcement. This program is
also being managed by the City's Rent
Stabilization Division.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-79 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In November 2024, voters adopted a ballot
initiative to affirm the Rent Stabilization
and Just Cause Eviction Ordinance. The
City continued implementing the ordinance
by strengthening the regulatory framework
B. Identify and implement the regulatory
and administrative infrastructure needed to
framework and administrative infrastructure
support tenant protections and rent
necessary to implement residential rent
stabilization policies.
stabilization, just cause eviction, and other
protections for tenants facing housing
As part of its ongoing outreach and
instability, including: (1) ongoing outreach
education efforts, the Rent Stabilization
and education sessions at least annually to
Rent Stabilization and Just Cause Eviction
Ordinance Team updated existing and
landlords, tenants, and the public on the
developed new educational materials and Page:
rent stabilization and tenant protections
expanded community workshops for both
and policies; (2) establishing a Rent
tenants and landlords. The team also https://www.santa-ana.org/departments/rent-
Stabilization Board to serve as an advisory
participated in City events and collaborated stabilization/
body responsible for developing policies
33. Rent Stabilization and
12/31/20296th CycleContinuouswith local nonprofits to increase awareness Other
Just Cause Evictionand procedures to implement the program;
and understanding of renter protections.
Rent Stabilization Newsletter (Board
(3) conduct a fee study to establish an
Updates):
Annual Housing Fee charged to units
Additionally, the City registered landlords
subject to the Ordinance(s) to finance the
in the Rental Registry and collected fees to
https://www.santa-ana.org/rent-stabilization-
program; (4) support the billing of fees
ensure compliance. The rental unit
newsletter-august-2024/
charged to units subject to the
database, developed in partnership with
ordinance(s); (5) develop a comprehensive
3Di, Inc., continued to be maintained and
rental unit database; (6) publish the
updated to track tenancy information,
allowable rent increases annually; (7)
required notices, and rental registry fee
monitor for program compliance; and (7)
payments.
establish a schedule of penalties that may
be imposed for noncompliance.
In addition, the Rental Housing Board of
Santa Ana elected new members during
FY 2024-25 and continued to meet
throughout CY 2025.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-80 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
During CY 2024, the City continued
expanding its Rent Stabilization Division to
effectively administer the Rent Stabilization
and Just Cause Eviction Ordinance to
support tenants facing housing instability.
The City hired several key staff members
to strengthen program implementation,
including a Rent Stabilization Manager,
C. Hire program staff and establish a new
two Housing Programs Analysts, and a Maricela Marquez, Rent Stabilization
division to administer the Just Cause
33. Rent Stabilization and Management Analyst.Manager
Eviction Ordinance and Rent Stabilization 12/31/20246th CycleCompletedOther
Just Cause Evictionmmarquez@santa-ana.org
Ordinances that were adopted in October
With this growing team, the City has (714) 565-2652
2021 for tenants facing housing instability.
enhanced its ability to oversee program
operations, conduct outreach and
education, monitor compliance, and
support both tenants and landlords. The
City remains committed to expanding the
division further in the coming years to
ensure the long-term success of rent
stabilization and tenant protection efforts.
D. Periodically commission studies of the Maricela Marquez, Rent Stabilization
33. Rent Stabilization and effectiveness of the program, who it is Manager
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo Update for CY 2025.Other
Just Cause Evictionserving, and how well it is meeting its mmarquez@santa-ana.org
objectives.(714) 565-2652
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-81 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
During CY 2025, the City continued to
support low- and moderate-income
households through its My First Home
program, providing down payment
assistance loans of up to $120,000 for low-
income households and up to $80,000 for
moderate-income households. Funds ran
out at the beginning of CY 2025. Thus, the
City only approved two (2) applications.
However,
In CY 2025, the City continued to work with
Habitat for Humanity on the 425 E. Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
A. Assist low-income households with
Wellington Ave. project, which was
look at multiple reports to add up the right
down payment assistance loans of up to
34. Down Payment allocated $920,000 in Inclusionary Housing
quarters for the calendar year):
$120,000 for low-income households and 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousHouseholds2
Assistance funds during CY 2024. Habitat for
up to $80,000 for moderate-income
Humanity will convert a nine (9)-unit rental
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
households.
property into affordable ownership units,
quarterly-reports/
with the $920,000 in Inclusionary Housing
funds allocated for down payment
assistance to low and moderate-income
households earning less than 120% of the
AMI.
Furthermore, the City applied for and was
awarded $4.9 million in CalHOME funding
to support up to 37 down payment
assistance applications over the next five
years.
In CY 2025, the City did not make any
updates to the down payment assistance
B. Periodically review the down payment
program. However, the City remains
assistance program to increase or adjust Judson Brown, Housing Manager
34. Down Payment committed to periodically reviewing the
the amount of assistance needed per 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Assistance program and will continue to make
household to purchase their first home (714) 667-2241
improvements or adjustments to the
based on the private market.
assistance amounts as needed, based on
changes in the private housing market.
In CY 2025, the City hosted 0 workshops
throughout the year to educate residents
C. Hold quarterly workshops for local on budgeting, credit, lending, and other Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
lenders and mortgage brokers to provide homeownership topics. Funds for the
look at multiple reports to add up the right
34. Down Payment outreach and education on utilizing the program ran out early in the year.
quarters for the calendar year):
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousMeetings
Assistance CityÓs program in conjunction with a first However, the City applied for and was
mortgage. Workshops will start in August awarded $4.9 million in CalHOME funding
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
2022 and continue quarterly.to support up to 37 down payment
quarterly-reports/
assistance applications over the next five
years.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-82 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City hosted 0 workshops
throughout the year to educate residents
Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
on budgeting, credit, lending, and other
D. Hold quarterly workshops for residents
homeownership topics. Funds for the look at multiple reports to add up the right
to provide education on the application
34. Down Payment program ran out early in the year.
quarters for the calendar year):
process to assist in the pathway to 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousMeetings
Assistance However, the City applied for and was
homeownership. Workshops will start in
awarded $4.9 million in CalHOME funding
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
August 2022 and continue quarterly.
to support up to 37 down payment
quarterly-reports/
assistance applications over the next five
years.
While the City did not promote the
homewnership assistance program during
CY 2025, it did continue to provide
information on the program on the City's
website. Funds for the program ran out
E. Continue to advertise and promote the
early in the year. However, the City applied My First Home Program webpage:
34. Down Payment program to all forms of media to reach out
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousfor and was awarded $4.9 million in Other
Assistance to all residents who may be eligible for the
CalHOME funding to support up to 37 https://www.santa-ana.org/my-first-home/
program.
down payment assistance applications
over the next five years.
The City expects to ramp advertisement up
in CY 2026.
While the City did not directly support
nonprofit organizations to provide
Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
homeownerhsip assistance during CY
F. Provide financial support and technical 2025 due to depleted funds, it did maintain look at multiple reports to add up the right
34. Down Payment assistance to nonprofit organizations to open communication with our local
quarters for the calendar year):
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther
Assistance provide homeownership assistance and nonprofit partners to provide updates on
opportunities for families.the availability of funds.
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
quarterly-reports/
The City expects to began such activities
again in CY 2026.
While the City did not directly support
nonprofit organizations to provide
homeownerhsip assistance during CY Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
G. Support nonprofit and for-profit 2025 due to depleted funds, it did maintain
look at multiple reports to add up the right
34. Down Payment organizations to educate homeowners, open communication with our local
quarters for the calendar year):
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther
Assistance administer programs, and expand nonprofit partners to provide updates on
homeownership opportunities. the availability of funds.
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
quarterly-reports/
The City expects to began such activities
again in CY 2026.
34. Down Payment H. Identify funding and partner with
Judson Brown, Housing Manager
Assistance community based organizations to support
12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo Update for CY 2025.Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
a Community Land Trust (CLT)
(714) 667-2241
homeownership program.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-83 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
35. Care Facilities A. Conduct a comprehensive analysis of
the CityÓs Care Home Ordinance as part of
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
the Zoning Code Update (see program 18)
Update project continued in 2025 with
to identify constraints and amend the
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ordinance to ensure consistency with state
of the draft update for public review in
and federal laws, and to create barrier-free
2026.
housing choices for persons with
disabilities.
35. Care Facilities B. As part of the Zoning Code Update (see
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
program 18), define facilities not regulated
Update project continued in 2025 with
under the Community Care Facilities Act
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
and specify permit process consistent with
of the draft update for public review in
state law.
2026.
In CY 2025, the City continued working
with affordable housing developers and the
Regional Center of Orange County to
expand independent living options for
individuals with developmental and
A. Work with affordable housing physical disabilities. The City collaborated
36. Housing for People with developers and the Regional Center of with the developer and property manager Judson Brown, Housing Manager
Disabilities, including Orange County to expand independent 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousof the Vista Del Rio Affordable Housing Other1jbrown@santa-ana.org
Developmental Disabilitiesliving options for persons with a Project to conduct compliance inspections (714) 667-2241
developmental and/or physical disability.and ensure the project remains safe and
healthy for residents. The 2.7-acre site
includes 41 special needs apartments, with
15 units for individuals with physical
impairments, and offers therapy
classrooms.
B. Reviewing or endorse grant City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
opportunities, solicit applications for CY 2025 to be released in 2026. The RFP
36. Housing for People with Judson Brown, Housing Manager
projects, review and facilitate new projects, is planned to include HOME-ARP Program
Disabilities, including 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherjbrown@santa-ana.org
or other actions to facilitate the new funds, among others, to support the
Developmental Disabilities(714) 667-2241
construction or rehabilitation of housing for development of permanent supportive
persons with disabilities.housing units.
36. Housing for People with C. Update the Reasonable
Disabilities, including Accommodation ordinanceÓs findings for
Developmental Disabilitiesapproval to ensure compliance with
Comprehensive Zoning Code Update
Federal Fair Housing Acts and California
In 2025, the City made progress on the
webpage:
Fair Employment and Housing Act by
Comprehensive Zoning Code Update,
12/31/20276th CycleContinuousOther
removing constraints, such as amending
which includes updating the city's
https://www.santa-
finding number eight, and ensuring the
Reasonable Accommodation ordinance.
ana.org/departments/zoning-code-update/
review process and evaluation criteria
meet current fair housing requirements and
HUD guidance.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-84 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City allocated $70,000 in
CDBG funding to support the Fair Housing
Council of Orange County (FHCOC) in
D. Hold annual small apartment-managersÓ delivering fair housing education,
workshop to train and educate property landlord/tenant counseling, and
owners, HOAs, property managers, and enforcement services to combat housing
2025-2029 Consolidated Plan/2025-2026
tenants about best practices in property discrimination. This funding helps ensure
Action Plan. Please see p.3:
management, neighborhood safety, and Santa Ana residents receive guidance on
36. Housing for People with
Disabilities, including landlord/tenant responsibilities (see 12/31/20296th CycleContinuoustheir rights, protections, and resources to Other1
https://www.santa-
Developmental Disabilitiesprogram 44). The training will also cover address housing-related concerns. By
ana.org/?post_type=document&p=119368&pr
specific concerns regarding families with supporting administrative and program
eview=true
children, occupancy standards, and staff, as well as service contracts, the City
reasonable accommodations and remains committed to annually funding fair
modifications. housing initiatives that discourage unlawful
practices, resolve tenant-landlord disputes,
and promote equal housing opportunities
for all residents.
E. Provide affordable housing opportunities
City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
for people with disabilities as part of the
CY 2025 to be released in 2026. The RFP
36. Housing for People with CityÓs RFP for Affordable Housing Judson Brown, Housing Manager
is planned to include HOME-ARP Program
Disabilities, including Development to support the development 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherjbrown@santa-ana.org
funds, among others, to support the
Developmental Disabilitiesof permanent, affordable, and accessible (714) 667-2241
development of permanent supportive
housing that allows people with disabilities
housing units.
to live independent lives.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-85 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City continued its efforts to
enhance housing stability and accessibility
by partnering with Habitat for Humanity of
Orange County to provide financial
assistance for ADA-accessible
improvements to homes. Through the
Residential Rehabilitation Grant Program,
the City offered grants of up to $25,000 to
nine (9) households for health and safety
repairs in single-family and mobile homes.
Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
The program prioritized low-income
F. Provide financial assistance to single-
look at multiple reports to add up the right
36. Housing for People with households, seniors (62+), disabled
family homeowners and renters to make
quarters for the calendar year):
Disabilities, including 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousresidents, and homes located in CDBG Households9
ADA-accessible improvements to their
Developmental Disabilitiescensus tracts.
homes.
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
quarterly-reports/
By coordinating this initiative with Code
Enforcement and the Proactive Rental
Enforcement Program (PREP), the City
ensured that essential repairs were made,
while also preventing displacement and
supporting housing stability for vulnerable
residents. This partnership continues to
play a critical role in fostering accessible
and safe living conditions for those in need
in Santa Ana.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-86 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The City continues to provide funding and
technical assistance to support the
development of permanent supportive
housing for individuals experiencing
homelessness. Through CDBG, HOME,
HOME-ARP, HHAP funds, and Project-
Based Vouchers (PBVs), the City partners
with nonprofit and affordable housing
developers to expand housing
opportunities with supportive services. The
following are two projects that the City
collaborated on during CY 2025:
Under Construction
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
A. Continue to provide funding for
- Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing
providers of emergency shelter and
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
(918 N. Bewley St.), funded by HHAP
37. Emergency Shelters and permanent supportive housing for people
12/31/20296th CycleContinuous($2,021,319) and eight (8) PBVs, will
Units27
Transitional Housing who are experiencing homelessness.
https://www.santa-
rehabilitate two (2) buildings into eleven
Release an RFP by the end of 2022 for the
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
(11) permanent supportive housing units
delivery of permanent housing.
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
for homeless transitional-age youth and
seniors.
Completed
- FX Residences (801, 807, 809, and 809
½ E. Santa Ana Blvd.), funded by the
Housing Successor Agency ($1,656,947),
three (3) PBVs, and a 99-year ground
lease is a sixteen (16)-unit permanent
supportive housing project. The project
was completed in early 2025 and was fully
leased up by October 2025.
TheseeffortsdemonstratetheCity's
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-87 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The City continues to provide funding and
technical assistance to support the
development of permanent supportive
housing for individuals experiencing
homelessness. Through CDBG, HOME,
HOME-ARP, HHAP funds, and Project-
Based Vouchers (PBVs), the City partners
with nonprofit and affordable housing
developers to expand housing
opportunities with supportive services. The
following are two projects that the City
collaborated on during CY 2025:
B. Continue to facilitate establishment of Under Construction
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
emergency shelters and transitional and - Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
supportive housing throughout the (918 N. Bewley St.), funded by HHAP
37. Emergency Shelters and
planning period. Approve and finance 10 12/31/20296th CycleContinuous($2,021,319) and eight (8) PBVs, will
Units27
Transitional Housing
https://www.santa-
new permanent supportive housing rehabilitate two (2) buildings into eleven
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
projects and a new 200+ bed emergency (11) permanent supportive housing units
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
shelter in the planning period.for homeless transitional-age youth and
seniors.
Completed
- FX Residences (801, 807, 809, and 809
½ E. Santa Ana Blvd.), funded by the
Housing Successor Agency ($1,656,947),
three (3) PBVs, and a 99-year ground
lease is a sixteen (16)-unit permanent
supportive housing project. The project
was completed in early 2025 and was fully
leased up by October 2025.
TheseeffortsdemonstratetheCity's
37. Emergency Shelters and C. Amend the CityÓs Municipal Code as
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Transitional Housing part of Zoning Code Update to revise its
Update project continued in 2025 with
homeless shelter ordinance to comply with
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
state law, such as AB 139 and AB 101,
of the draft update for public review in
and most recent best practices.
2026.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-88 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The City continues to provide funding and
technical assistance to support the
development of permanent supportive
housing for individuals experiencing
homelessness. Through CDBG, HOME,
HOME-ARP, HHAP funds, and Project-
Based Vouchers (PBVs), the City partners
with nonprofit and affordable housing
developers to expand housing
opportunities with supportive services. The
following are two projects that the City
collaborated on during CY 2025:
Under Construction
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
A. Continue to provide funding for
- Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing
providers of emergency shelter and
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
(918 N. Bewley St.), funded by HHAP
38. Permanent Supportive permanent supportive housing for people
12/31/20296th CycleContinuous($2,021,319) and eight (8) PBVs, will
Units27
Housing who are experiencing homelessness.
https://www.santa-
rehabilitate two (2) buildings into eleven
Release an RFP by the end of 2022 for the
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
(11) permanent supportive housing units
delivery of permanent housing.
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
for homeless transitional-age youth and
seniors.
Completed
- FX Residences (801, 807, 809, and 809
½ E. Santa Ana Blvd.), funded by the
Housing Successor Agency ($1,656,947),
three (3) PBVs, and a 99-year ground
lease is a sixteen (16)-unit permanent
supportive housing project. The project
was completed in early 2025 and was fully
leased up by October 2025.
TheseeffortsdemonstratetheCity's
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-89 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The City has continued its efforts to
address the needs of homeless youth by
supporting the Illumination Foundation in
the development of the Intergenerational
Housing Project at 918 N. Bewley Street.
On October 15, 2024, the City authorized
the City Manager to execute a conditional
grant agreement and regulatory agreement
with Illumination Foundation for
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
$2,021,319 in Homeless Housing,
B. Continue efforts to address Homeless
Report. Please see pg. 9:
Assistance and Prevention Program
38. Permanent Supportive Youth needs through access to permanent
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousRound 1, 2, and 3 funds for the Units11
Housing and supportive housing and workforce
https://www.santa-
development of the Richard Lehn
development.
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
Intergenerational Housing Project located
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
at 918 Bewley Street. This development
will provide permanent and supportive
housing for homeless transitional age
youth (TAY) aged 18 to 24, ensuring
access to stable housing and critical
supportive services. The project continued
to progress throughout CY 2025 and
remains under construction as of the end
of the year.
38. Permanent Supportive C. Amend the Municipal Code to comply
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Housing with AB 2162.
Update project continued in 2025 with
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
of the draft update for public review in
2026.
D. As part of the RFP for Affordable
Housing Development (see program 2),
request proposals for permanent
City staff drafted a new RFP #26-004A in
supportive housing from owners and/or
CY 2025 to be released in 2026. The RFP
affordable housing developers together Judson Brown, Housing Manager
38. Permanent Supportive is planned to include HOME-ARP Program
with at least one service provider. Projects 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Housing funds, among others, to support the
will provide affordable housing (714) 667-2241
development of permanent supportive
opportunities for special needs populations
housing units.
including, but not limited to, homeless
individuals and families, and persons with
a disability.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-90 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City allocated ESG grant
funding to support agencies providing
essential services for individuals
experiencing homelessness or at risk of
homelessness. The following projects were
funded:
SAPD H.E.A.R.T Program (Santa Ana
Police Department): $56,885 to connect
individuals with homelessness resources,
including shelter and mental health
services through collaboration with the
County's PERT team.
Rapid Re-Housing (WISEPlace): $57,000 Housing Division Quarterly Reports
to provide shelter, case management, and
(provide updates on number served. Must
A. Annually, allocate grant funding as
housing assistance for unaccompanied
look at multiple reports to add up the right
available to agencies that provide services
12/31/20296th CycleContinuoushomeless women, including those
39. Supportive Services Other6
quarters for the calendar year):
to people experiencing homelessness or at
recovering from trauma or substance
risk of becoming homeless.
abuse.
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
Rapid Re-Housing (Volunteers of
quarterly-reports/
America): $57,000 to provide flexible rental
assistance and housing support for
residents working toward stability.
Emergency Shelter (Covenant House):
$40,000 to operate a 20-bed, low barrier
emergency shelter in Anaheim in addition
to 24/7 access to the shelter and
wraparound services including case
management, meals, hygiene facilities,
medical care, and resource coordination.
HMIS (2-1-1 / United Way): $58,146 for
coordinating Homeless Management
Information S
ystem (HMIS) efforts and
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-91 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City continued its
participation in the Orange County ESG
Collaborative, working alongside
neighboring jurisdictions to leverage
Emergency Solutions Grant (ESG) funds
for maximum impact. Over the past five
years, this collaboration has allowed the
City to pool resources effectively,
Housing Division Quarterly Reports
strengthening efforts to address
B. Every five years, participate with other
homelessness and enhance services (provide updates on number served. Must
local jurisdictions in the Orange County
across the region. Toward the end of CY
ESG Collaborative to leverage funds and look at multiple reports to add up the right
2024, the City participated in a regional Other6
39. Supportive Services ensure maximum impact. Re-evaluate and 12/31/20256th CycleCompleted
quarters for the calendar year):
participate in ESG Collaborative for the RFP that was issued by the Collaborative
next five-year period at the end of this for the selection of providers for the next
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
term. five years.
quarterly-reports/
In CY 2025, the City collaborated to select
six (6) recipients for the RFP issued the
year before. The organizations that were
awarded included the Santa Ana Police
Department, WISEPlace, Volunteers of
America, Covenant House, United Way,
and Interval House
For the FY 2024-2026 CDBG funding
cycle, no organizations offering food
distribution programs applied for funding.
A. Support food distribution programs and As a result, the City has not had the
similar senior services. Provide a minimum opportunity to support such nonprofits. Judson Brown, Housing Manager
40. Senior Services of $30,000 (proportionate to funding 12/31/20296th CycleIn ProgressHowever, the City remains committed to Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
available) to service providers that apply supporting these programs and will (714) 667-2241
for funding and are eligible under CDBG.continue to advertise the funding
opportunity more widely to ensure that
eligible organizations are aware and have
the chance to apply in the future.
For the FY 2024-2026 CDBG funding
cycle, no organizations offering house-
B. Support private and nonprofit entities to sharing programs for seniors applied for
match seniors in house-sharing funding. As a result, the City has not had
Judson Brown, Housing Manager
arrangements. Provide a minimum of the opportunity to support such nonprofits.
40. Senior Services 12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedOtherjbrown@santa-ana.org
$30,000 (proportionate to funding However, the City remains committed to
(714) 667-2241
available) to service providers that apply supporting these initiatives and will ensure
for funding and are eligible under CDBG.that the program is advertised more widely
to reach eligible organizations and
encourage applications in the future.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-92 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
40. Senior Services C. The CityÓs PRCSA will continue to fund
Meals on Wheels, a nonprofit organization
that provides healthy meals to seniors at
There were over 22,860 meals served over
two City community centers. In addition,
the course of 2025 at Southwest Senior
the CDBG public service application is
Center and Santa Ana Senior Center for an
released every two years to nonprofits to
average of 95 meals per day for the
provide public services to Santa Ana
congregate meal progam.
residents that include services to seniors.
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOther9999.00
For FY 2022 and FY 2023, the CDBG
Timothy Pagano, Deputy Parks, Recreation,
tw/{! ŷğƭ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓƷƌǤ ŅǒƓķĻķ ğƓķ Ǟźƌƌ
program awarded a total of $60,000 to
and Community Services Director
Working Wardrobes to address the
ĭƚƓƷźƓǒĻ Ʒƚ ŅǒƓķ aĻğƌƭ ƚƓ ŷĻĻƌƭ Ʒƚ
Phone: 714-571-4219
employment challenges faced by seniors
ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷ ƭĻƓźƚƩƭ ğƷ ƷŷĻ {ğƓƷğ !Ɠğ {ĻƓźƚƩ
Email: tpagano@santa-ana.org
and will provide workforce development
/ĻƓƷĻƩ ğƓķ {ƚǒƷŷǞĻƭƷ {ĻƓźƚƩ /ĻƓƷĻƩ ĬǤ
services to seniors age 55 and over.
ĻƓƭǒƩźƓŭ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ŷĻğƌƷŷǤͲ ƓǒƷƩźƷźƚǒƭ
ƒĻğƌƭ͵
1. In CY 2025, the Santa Ana Housing
Authority (SAHA) utilized more than
102.7% of the Annual Budget Authority
provided by HUD.
2. SAHA applied for new funding
opportunities and additional vouchers.
Specifically,
A. Provide Housing Choice Vouchers to
o In August 2025, SAHA received an https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-authority-
41. Family Housing extremely low-income and very low-income 12/31/20296th CycleIn ProgressOther
award of twenty-five (25) new Foster Youth general-resources/
families (see program No. 29).
to Independence vouchers awarded under
the requirements of Notice PIH 2023-04.
o In December 2025, SAHA received
$312,475 in CY 2025 HAP Set-Aside funds
for our Mainstream Voucher Program.
3. Retained High Performer SEMAP status
as of the end of FYE June 30, 2025.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-93 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
Throughout2025, the City continuedto
support development of affordable housing
through various funding sources, including
Inclusionary Housing, HHAP, PBVs, and
LMIHAF. As of December 31, 2025, two
projects are under construction and one (1)
is in pre-development. In addition, one
project was completed during CY 2025:
Pre-Development
- Habitat for Humanity's 425 E. Wellington
Ave. project will convert a nine (9)-unit
rental property into affordable ownership
units, with $920,000 in Inclusionary
FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
Housing funds allocated for down payment
B. Provide financial assistance to support
Report. Please see pgs. 8-10:
assistance.
the production and/or rehabilitation of
41. Family Housing affordable housing for extremely low-, very 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousUnits42
https://www.santa-
low-, and low-income large families (see
Under Construction
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
program No. 1).
- Richard Lehn Intergenerational Housing
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
(918 N. Bewley St.), funded by HHAP
($2,021,319) and eight (8) PBVs, will
rehabilitate two (2) buildings into eleven
(11) permanent supportive housing units
for homeless transitional-age youth and
seniors.
- The Habitat for Humanity 1921 W.
Washington Ave. project, funded by
Inclusionary Housing ($2,200,000),
involves new construction of six (6) single-
family homes for 80% AMI households.
Completed
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-94 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
During CY 2025, the City continued to
support low- and moderate-income
households through its My First Home
program, providing down payment
assistance loans of up to $120,000 for low-
income households and up to $80,000 for
moderate-income households. Funds ran
out at the beginning of CY 2025. Thus, the
City only approved two (2) applications.
However,
In CY 2025, the City continued to work with
Habitat for Humanity on the 425 E. Housing Division Quarterly Reports (must
Wellington Ave. project, which was
look at multiple reports to add up the right
C. Offer down payment assistance to
allocated $920,000 in Inclusionary Housing
quarters for the calendar year):
41. Family Housing qualified low-income and moderate-income 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousHouseholds2
funds during CY 2024. Habitat for
families (see program No. 34).
Humanity will convert a nine (9)-unit rental
https://www.santa-ana.org/housing-division-
property into affordable ownership units,
quarterly-reports/
with the $920,000 in Inclusionary Housing
funds allocated for down payment
assistance to low and moderate-income
households earning less than 120% of the
AMI.
Furthermore, the City applied for and was
awarded $4.9 million in CalHOME funding
to support up to 37 down payment
assistance applications over the next five
years.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-95 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City continued to
encourage the development of larger
rental and ownership units for families,
including low- and moderate-income
households, through its annual RFP for
affordable housing. The focus remained on
projects offering three- and four-bedroom
units for large families and providing
additional services like childcare when
feasible. Recent project updates also
include:
D. Encourage the development of larger
rental and ownership units for families,
Pre-Development
including lower and moderate-income FY 2025-26 Q2 Housing Division Quarterly
- Habitat for Humanity's 425 E. Wellington
families, through the selection criteria for
Report. Please see pgs. 8-9:
Ave. project will convert a nine (9)-unit
the RFP for Affordable Housing
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousrental property into affordable ownership
41. Family Housing Units15
Development (see program 2) that is
https://www.santa-
units, with $920,000 in Inclusionary
issued once a year. The objective is to
ana.org/documents/housing-division-quarterly-
Housing funds allocated for down payment
finance the development of at least one
report-fy-2025-26-q2/
assistance. This project will focus on
multifamily affordable housing project per
providing affordable homeownership to
year.
local families.
Under Construction
Habitat for Humanity (1921 W. Washington
Ave.): This project will provide six (6)
ownership units, each with three bedrooms
and 2.5 bathrooms for low-income
households at 80% AMI. On July 16, 2024,
the City approved the Conditional Grant
Agreement and Density Bonus Agreement
for the development of this project. The
projectisintheplanningphaseand
42. Child Care Options A. Review and update regulations
pertaining to day/childcare as part of the
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Zoning Code Update (see program 18) to
Update project continued in 2025 with
ensure consistency with state laws and
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ 6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
consider incentives for co-locating
of the draft update for public review in
childcare facilities in affordable housing
2026.
projects or other alternatives if found to be
infeasible.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-96 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The City approved funding for several
organizations in 2024 to support services
for Santa AnaÓs children, including:
- America On Track offers mentorship,
STEM workshops, camps, and family
support for children of prisoners. ($34,860)
- Delhi Center in collaboration with UCI
provides leadership training for teens to
teach younger children about gang
prevention and safe choices. ($62,053)
- Girls Inc. of Orange County offers
2025-2029 Consolidated Plan/2025-2026
academic and personal development,
Action Plan. Please see p.2:
leadership and workforce readiness, health
B. Continue funding organizations that help
42. Child Care Options address and meet the supportive service 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousand well-being, and community advocacy Other6
https://www.santa-
needs of Santa AnaÓs children.programs. ($34,860)
ana.org/?post_type=document&p=119368&pr
- MOMs OC offers prenatal and infant
eview=true
home visits with health education and
mental health support. ($34,860)
- OCCTAC provides arts enrichment, youth
and family counseling, and crisis
intervention. ($34,860)
- Straight Talk Clinic offers mental health
services and counseling for low-income
residents, including children. ($34,860)
These programs help ensure children and
families in Santa Ana have access to vital
resources and support.
C. Issue a CDBG public service application The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
every two years to eligible nonprofit Update project continued in 2025 with
42. Child Care Options organizations to provide public service 12/31/20296th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
programs to Santa Ana residents that of the draft update for public review in
include services for children and youth.2026.
43. Multi-Generational A. Incorporate development and site
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Housing and Accessory design standards in residential zones
Update project continued in 2025 with
Dwelling Units (ADUs) through the Zoning Code Update (see
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
program 18) that offer flexibility to promote
of the draft update for public review in
innovative models of multigenerational
2026.
housing.
43. Multi-Generational B. Publish preapproved ADU prototype
Housing and Accessory plans to provide greater certainty and
https://www.santa-ana.org/pre-approved-adu-
6th CycleCompletedNo Update for CY 2025.Other
ЏΉЌЉΉЋЉЋЋ
Dwelling Units (ADUs) quality in the development of such housing.
plans/
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-97 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
43. Multi-Generational C. Market the ADU program through a
In CY 2025, the City disseminated social
Housing and Accessory dedicated web page on the CityÓs planning
media posts about the preapproved Ricardo Soto, Planning Manager
Dwelling Units (ADUs) website; provide downloadable educational
6th CycleCompletedprogram and portal and staff showcased Otherrsoto@santa-ana.org
ЏΉЌЉΉЋЉЋЋ
flyers in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese
the program on TV to showcase the (714) 667-2793
that publicize the program.
program and webpage.
In CY 2024, the City applied for HUD PRO
Housing funding to support an
Unpermitted Dwelling Unit Legalization
initiative, which aimed to assist lower- and
moderate-income homeowners in
legalizing unpermitted accessory dwelling
units (ADUs). This program would provide
financial and permitting assistance to help
43. Multi-Generational D. Pursue grant funding to assist lower- homeowners bring their units into Judson Brown, Housing Manager
Housing and Accessory and moderate-income homeowners to 12/31/20296th CycleContinuouscompliance and rent them as affordable Otherjbrown@santa-ana.org
Dwelling Units (ADUs) construct ADUs.housing through 15-year affordability (714) 667-2241
covenants.
In CY 2025, HUD decided not to fund the
City's program. Although the City did not
receive HUD PRO Housing funds, it
remains committed to securing additional
funding and exploring innovative solutions
to support the development of ADUs.
43. Multi-Generational E. Study ADU plan review fees to seek
Completed in 2023, the Miscellaneous Fee
Housing and Accessory opportunities to reduce fees and costs of
Schedule was revised, reducing the
Dwelling Units (ADUs) developing ADUs.
applicable fee from $2,609 to $1,701
Pre-Apporved ADU Review Fee Ordinance
(approximately one-third of the original
https://storage.googleapis.com/proudcity/sant
cost). In addition, a Pre-Approval ADU
12/31/20296th CycleContinuousOtheraanaca/uploads/2023/11/2023-071-ADU-App
-
Review Fee was established at a reduced
Review-Fee-Preapproved-ADU-App-
rate of $460.
Review_Compressed.pdf
As of 2025, these revisions remain in
effect with no updates.
43. Multi-Generational F. Monitor the level of production of ADUs The City prepares and submits a Housing
Housing and Accessory every two years, and if production levels Element Annual Progress Report and
Dwelling Units (ADUs) fall below goals, take actions to increase monitors production of ADUs, which has
https://www.santa-ana.org/annual-progress-
6th CycleContinuousOther
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋВ
production or find suitable sites to met and exceeded the City goals and
report/
accommodate a shortfall within six months. projections.
43. Multi-Generational G. Amend the ADU ordinance to comply
The City's Comprehensive Zoning Code
Housing and Accessory with state law and to incorporate best
Update project continued in 2025 with
Dwelling Units (ADUs) practices.
6th CycleIn Progressstakeholder engagement and preparation Other1santa-ana.org/zoning-code-update
ЊЋΉЌЊΉЋЉЋЏ
of the draft update for public review in
2026.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-98 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
In CY 2025, the City ensured all housing
and community development programs
were administered to affirmatively further
fair housing. Every year, the City partners
with the Fair Housing Council of Orange
2025-2029 Consolidated Plan/2025-2026
County (FHCOC) to provide a mandatory
A. Ensure all City programs and activities
Action Plan. Please see p.3:
fair housing training to all Housing
relating to housing and community
44. Fair Housing 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousAuthority and Housing Division staff Other
development are administered in a manner
https://www.santa-
involved in housing program development
that affirmatively furthers fair housing.
ana.org/?post_type=document&p=119368&pr
and implementation, ensuring compliance
eview=true
with federal and state requirements. Due to
unexpected circumstances, the City was
unable to hold the meeting but is
continuing to partner with FHCOC to hold
the meeting in CY 2026.
In CY 2025, the City allocated $70,000 in
CDBG funding to support the Fair Housing
Council of Orange County (FHCOC) in
delivering fair housing education,
landlord/tenant counseling, and
enforcement services to combat housing
B. Continue to provide CDBG funds on an discrimination. This funding helps ensure
2025-2029 Consolidated Plan/2025-2026
annual basis to a fair housing organization Santa Ana residentsÏparticularly those in
Action Plan. Please see p.3:
to discourage unlawful practices, resolve R/ECAP and TCAC census tractsÏreceive
44. Fair Housing tenant/ landlord disputes, provide 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousguidance on their rights, protections, and Other1
https://www.santa-
education, and further equal housing resources to address housing-related
ana.org/?post_type=document&p=119368&pr
opportunities, including focused outreach concerns. By supporting administrative and
eview=true
in R/ECAP and TCAC census tracts.program staff, as well as service contracts,
the City remains committed to annually
funding fair housing initiatives that
discourage unlawful practices, resolve
tenant-landlord disputes, and promote
equal housing opportunities for all
residents.
The City completed the preparation of the
Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing 2025-2029 Orange County Regional
C. Periodically prepare the Analysis of
Choice (AI) for the 2025-2029 period. This
Assessment of Fair Housing:
Impediments to Fair Housing Choice to
44. Fair Housing 6/30/20256th CycleCompletedanalysis aims to identify and address Other1
identify, remove, and/or mitigate potential
potential barriers to fair housing and
https://ggcity.org/sites/default/files/orange-
impediments to fair housing in Santa Ana.
ensure compliance with federal and state
county-25-29-regional-afh_final-3-14-25.pdf
regulations.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-99 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
The Rent Stabilization Ordinance Team
held three public workshops in June 10,
18, and 26 of 2025 for apartment owners
and property management staff to provide
education on the City's Rent Stabilization
D. Hold annual small apartment-managersÓ
and Just Cause Eviction Ordinance. These
workshop to train and educate property
workshops covered key requirements of
owners, HOAs, property managers, and Rent https://www.santa-
44. Fair Housing 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousthe ordinance, including just cause eviction Meetings3
tenants on best practices in property ana.org/departments/rent-stabilization/
stipulations, outlining the responsibilities of
management, neighborhood safety, and
both tenants and landlords. By hosting
landlord/tenant responsibilities.
these sessions, the City aimed to promote
best practices in property management,
enhance neighborhood stability, and
ensure compliance with local rental
regulations.
In 2025, the City utilized $70,000 of its
CDBG funding to support the Fair Housing
Council of Orange County (FHCOC) in
providing fair housing education,
landlord/tenant counseling, and
2025-2029 Consolidated Plan/2025-2026
enforcement services to combat housing
Action Plan. Please see p.3:
discrimination. This program ensures that
Santa Ana residents receive guidance on
https://www.santa-
their rights and protections, with funding
E. Partner with legal assistance ana.org/?post_type=document&p=119368&pr
supporting administrative and program
organizations to provide legal clinics for eview=true
44. Fair Housing 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousstaff, as well as service contracts. As part Other2
tenants on tenantsÓ rights and recourse for
of the CityÓs commitment to advancing fair
intimidation and unjust evictions.
Rent Stabilization Ordinance Community
housing, these efforts align with CDBG
Resources:
funding requirements.
https://www.santa-ana.org/rent-stabilization-
Additionally, the CityÓs Rent Stabilization
ordinance-community-resources/
Team partners with Community Legal Aid
SoCal to assist tenants with rent
stabilization and just cause eviction issues,
further strengthening tenant protections
and access to legal resources.
In August 2024, a mandatory fair housing
F. Provide a mandatory fair housing
training was provided to all Housing
training to all Housing Authority and Judson Brown, Housing Manager
Authority and Housing Division staff
44. Fair Housing Housing Division staff involved in the 12/31/20296th CycleContinuousMeetingsjbrown@santa-ana.org
involved in the development, provision, or
development, provision, or implementation (714) 667-2241
implementation of housing programs.
of housing programs.
There were no trainings in 2025.
A. Conduct education efforts in concert
45. Reducing Second-Hand
with stakeholders and partners in the 12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo Update for CY 2025.OtherN/A
Smoke
community.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-100 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Table D
Program Implementation Status pursuant to GC Section 65583
Housing Programs Progress Report
123456789
Projected
Completion Date Status of Program Quantified Outcomes: Quantified Outcomes:
Name of ProgramObjectiveApplicable CycleProgram Implementation DetailsSupporting Documents
in Housing ImplementationCategoryCount
Element
B. Explore a smoke-free ordinance in
multifamily housing in Santa Ana. If
45. Reducing Second-Hand
determined to be feasible, include 12/31/20296th CycleNot Yet StartedNo Update for CY 2025.OtherN/A
Smoke
ordinance along with Zoning Code Update
(see Program 18).
In 2024, the City awarded the CDBG
Public Service grants for FY 2024-2026,
offering eligible non-profit organizations
with much-needed funding. One of the
awardees included Community Health
C. Continue to issue the CDBG public 2025-2029 Consolidated Plan/2025-2026
Initiative Orange County (CHIOC) to
service application every two years to
Action Plan. Please see p.2:
support Santa Ana residents in accessing
45. Reducing Second-Hand eligible nonprofit organizations to provide
12/31/20296th CycleContinuoushealth and social service programs. Other
Smoke public service programs to Santa Ana
https://www.santa-
CHIOC received $34,860 for FY 2025-26
residents that include health education
ana.org/?post_type=document&p=119368&pr
activities. CHIOC provides outreach,
services to teens and adults.
eview=true
education, enrollment, and case
management services to vulnerable
populations, ensuring they acquire, retain,
and effectively utilize community
resources.
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-101 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation
202531)
Period
formulas
Housing Element Implementation
Period 6th Cycle
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029(CCR Title 25 §6202)
Table E
Commercial Development Bonus Approved pursuant to GC Section 65915.7
Description of
Commercial Development Bonus
Project IdentifierUnits Constructed as Part of Agreement
Commercial
Date Approved
Develo
pment Bonus
12
34
Local
Description of
Very LowLowModerateAbove ModerateCommercial Development Bonus
+
Jurisdiction
APNStreet Address
Commercial
Project Name
IncomeIncomeIncomeIncomeDate Approved
+
Development Bonus
Tracking ID
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-102 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Santa AnaNote: "+" indicates an optional field
Jurisdiction
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
Reporting Period 202531)
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
6th Cycle
Planning Period
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table F
Units Rehabilitated, Preserved and Acquired for Alternative Adequate Sites pursuant to Government Code section 65583.1(c)
Please note this table is optional: The jurisdiction can use this table to report units that have been substantially rehabilitated, converted from non-affordable to affordable by acquisition,
and
preserved, including mobilehome park preservation, consistent with the standards set forth in Government Code section 65583.1, subdivision (c). Please note, motel, hotel, hostel rooms
or other
structures that are converted from non-residential to residential units pursuant to Government Code section 65583.1(c)(1)(D) are considered net-new housing units and must be reported
in Table
A2 and not reported in Table F.
+
Units that Count Towards RHNA
The description should adequately document
Note - Because the statutory requirements severely limit what
how each unit complies with subsection (c) of
+
can be counted, please contact HCD at apr@hcd.ca.gov and
Units that Do Not Count Towards RHNA
+
Government Code Section 65583.1.
we will unlock the form which enable you to populate these
Listed for Informational Purposes Only
For detailed reporting requirements, see the
fields.
Activity Type
chcklist here:
https://www.hcd.ca.gov/community-
Extremely Low-Very Low-Extremely Low-Very Low-TOTAL
development/docs/adequate-sites-checklist.pdf
++++++++
IncomeLow-IncomeTOTAL UNITSLow-Income
IncomeIncomeIncomeUNITS
Rehabilitation Activity
Preservation of Units At-Risk
Acquisition of Units
Mobilehome Park Preservation
Total Units by Income
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-103 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Note: "+" indicates an
Santa Anaoptional field
Jurisdiction
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting
2025(Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
Period
Housing Element Implementation Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Planning
6th Cycle
Period
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table F2
Above Moderate Income Units Converted to Moderate Income Pursuant to Government Code section 65400.2
For up to 25 percent of a jurisdictionÓs moderate-income regional housing need allocation, the planning agency may include the number of units in an existing multifamily building that
were converted to deed-restricted rental housing for moderate-income households by the imposition of affordability covenants and
restrictions for the unit. Before adding information to this table, please ensure housing developments meet the requirements described in Government Code 65400.2(b).
Units credited toward Moderate
Notes
Project IdentifierUnit TypesAffordability by Household Incomes After Conversion
Income RHNA
145
236
TenureVery Low- Moderate-
Local Very Low- Low- Income Moderate- AboveTotal Moderate Income Date
Unit
Income Low- Income Deed Income Non Notes
++
Current APNStreet AddressJurisdiction Category Income Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-Units Converted from Converted
Prior APNProject Name
R=RenterNon Deed RestrictedDeed
Tracking ID(2 to 4,5+)RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncomeAbove Moderate
RestrictedRestricted
00000000
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-104 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
element sites inventory contains a site which is or was
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
owned by the reporting jurisdiction, and has been sold,
Reporting
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
leased, or otherwise disposed of during the reporting
Period 202531)
year.Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Period 6th Cycle
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029 ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Table G
Locally Owned Lands Included in the Housing Element Sites Inventory that have been sold, leased, or otherwise disposed of
Project Identifier
1
4
23
Realistic
Local
Capacity
Entity to whom the site
+
Jurisdiction
APNStreet AddressIdentified in Intended Use for Site
Project Name
transferred
+
the Housing
Tracking ID
Element
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-105 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
NOTE: This table must contain an inventory
Jurisdiction Santa AnaNote: "+" indicates an optional field
of ALL surplus/excess lands the reporting
Reporting
(Jan. 1 - Dec. Cells in grey contain auto-calculation
jurisdiction owns
Period 202531)formulas
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Table H
Locally Owned Surplus Sites
Parcel Identifier
DesignationSizeNotes
1234567
Number of Surplus Parcel Size (in
APNStreet Address/IntersectionExisting UseNotes
UnitsDesignationacres)
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
003-122-252101 N. Spurgeon StVacant0Surplus Land0.64Source: CDA
405-262-25917 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.21Source: PWA
405-262-26921 N Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.11Source: PWA
405-262-271003 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.18Source: PWA
405-262-281003 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.15Source: PWA
405-262-291005 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.14Source: PWA
405-262-301009 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.14Source: PWA
405-262-311015 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.14Source: PWA
405-262-321019 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.14Source: PWA
405-262-331023 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.14Source: PWA
405-274-091027 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.14Source: PWA
405-274-101111 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.67Source: PWA
405-274-111221 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.06Source: PWA
405-274-121221 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.1Source: PWA
405-274-131221 N. Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.12Source: PWA
Exempt Surplus
004-121-181301 W. 10th StVacant00.03Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
004-121-121307 W. 10th StVacant0 0.12Source: PWA
Land
015-194-362231 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.1Source: PWA
015-194-292227 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.1Source: PWA
015-294-282223 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.1Source: PWA
015-194-392219 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.1Source: PWA
015-194-382215 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.11Source: PWA
015-194-252209 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.11Source: PWA
015-194-242205 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.12Source: PWA
015-194-232201 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.12Source: PWA
015-194-212115 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.35Source: PWA
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-106 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
015-194-412109 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.22Source: PWA
015-194-172101 S Bristol StVacant0Surplus Land0.11Source: PWA
Exempt Surplus
408-471-062240 S Bristol StVacant00.43Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
408-336-172040 S Bristol StVacant00.16Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
408-471-012102 S Bristol StVacant00.22Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-031-37124 E Warner AveVacant00.18Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-031-32128 E Warner AveVacant00.16Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-141-082245 S Main StVacant00.2Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-142-14209 E Warner AveVacant00.08Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-142-15215 E Warner AveVacant00.09Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-142-16219 E Warner AveVacant00.09Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-143-13309 E Warner AveVacant00.07Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-143-14315 E Warner AveVacant00.07Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-035-01402 E Warner AveVacant00.09Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-103-23705 E Warner AveVacant00.24Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-103-222245 Kilson DrVacant00.08Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-104-21809 E Warner AveVacant00.08Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-104-292244 S Halladay StVacant00.08Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-105-192245 S Halladay StVacant00.06Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-105-20905 E Warner AveVacant00.06Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
016-105-21909 E Warner AveVacant00.07Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-492-14823 E 1st StVacant00.1Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-453-051214 E 3rd StVacant00.1Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-453-06202 N Grand AveVacant00.4Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
099-224-385221 W 1st StVacant00.13Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
099-224-395225 W 1st StVacant00.13Source: PWA
Land
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-107 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Exempt Surplus
007-203-241503 W 1st StVacant00.09Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
099-224-33114 N Euclid StVacant00.11Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-385-031222 E 4th Vacant00.14Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-385-041225 E 4th StVacant00.07Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-385-051221 E 3rd StVacant00.08Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-053-321441 . Magnolia AveVacant00.12Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-053-331442 S. Baker St.Vacant00.06Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-052-271441 S. Baker St.Vacant00.01Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-052-281442 S. Rosewood Ave.Vacant00.01Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-123-251434 S. Towner St.Vacant00.03Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-124-231435 S. Towner St.Vacant00.04Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-124-241434 S. Lowell St.Vacant00.03Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
013-121-251435 S. Lowell St.Vacant00.04Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
002-131-572337 N. Riverside Dr.Vacant00.05Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
008-084-101102 W. 5th St.Vacant00.05Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-236-01621 N. Spurgeon St.Vacant00.03Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
405-121-06801 N. English St.Vacant00.09Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
109-092-611209 S. Sullivan St.Vacant00.07Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
109-121-232201 W. La Verne Ave.Vacant00.04Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
398-381-09414 N. Santa Fe St.Vacant00.04Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
403-121-301730 S. Grand Ave.Vacant00.01Source: PWA
Land
Exempt Surplus
144-303-043706 W. Camille St.Vacant00.01Source: PWA
Land
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-108 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Santa Ana
Jurisdiction
Note: "+" indicates an optional field
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
NOTE: STUDENT HOUSING WITH DENSITY BONUS
Reporting
(Jan. 1 - Dec.
ONLY. This table only needs to be completed if there
Period 202531)
Cells in grey contain auto-calculation formulas
Housing Element Implementation
were student housing projects WITH a density bonus
approved pursuant to Government
Planning
Code65915(b)(1)(F)
6th Cycle
Period
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table J
Student housing development for lower income students for which was granted a density bonus pursuant to subparagraph (F) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 65915
Units
Project IdentifierUnits (Beds/Student Capacity) Approved
Project TypeDate
(Beds/Student Notes
Capacity) Granted
14
2356
Very Low- Moderate-
Local
Very Low- Low- Income Low- Income Moderate- AboveTotal Additional
Unit Category
Income Non Income Non
+
Jurisdiction
APNStreet AddressDateIncome Deed Deed Non Deed Income Deed Moderate-Beds Created Due Notes
(SH - Student
Project Name
Deed Deed
+
Housing)
RestrictedRestrictedRestrictedRestrictedIncometo Density Bonus
Tracking ID
RestrictedRestricted
Summary Row: Start Data Entry Below
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-109 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Reporting Period 2025(Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
Planning Period 6th Cycle
10/15/2021 - 10/15/2029
Table K
y
Tenant Preference Polic
Local governments are required to inform HCD about any local tenant preference ordinance the local government maintains when the jurisdiction submits their annual progress report on
housing approvals and production, per Government Code
7061 (SB 649, 2022, Cortese). Effective January 1, 2023, local governments adopting a tenant preference are required to create a webpage on their internet website containing authorizing
local ordinance and supporting materials, no more than
90 days after the ordinance becomes operational.
Does the Jurisdiction have a local tenant preference policy?
Ļƭ
If the jurisdiction has a local tenant preference policy, provide
a link to the jurisdiction's webpage containing authorizing
local ordinance and supporting materials.
ŷƷƷƦƭʹΉΉǞǞǞ͵ƭğƓƷğΏğƓğ͵ƚƩŭΉķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷƭΉƌƚĭğƌΏƩĻƭźķĻƓƷΏƦƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻΏƚƩķźƓğƓĭĻΉ
Notes
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-110 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
NOTE: This table needs to be completed with any sites within
Jurisdiction Santa AnaNote: "+" indicates an optional field
your jurisdiction that were newly added to a National, State, or
Reporting
(Jan. 1 - Dec. Local register of historic places within the reporting year. If Cells in grey contain auto-calculation
Period 202531)formulas
none, leave blank.
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Housing Element Implementation
Table L
Historical Resources
Parcel IdentifierDesignation
SizeNotes
12
34
Date of Designation Historic Site Areas of Parcel Size (in
APNStreet Address/IntersectionNotes
DesignationLevelPeriodSignificanceacres)
Summary Row:
001-176-012301 N Westwood Ave3/6/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.29
405-284-131001 N Olive St6/4/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.12
405-284-111011 N Olive St6/4/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.13
003-081-122429 N Poinsettia7/9/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.18
003-031-062556 N Valencia St9/23/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.17
405-272-021412 N Louise St9/23/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.17
002-064-202402 N Riverside Dr9/23/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.18
002-123-18433 W Santa Clara Ave9/23/2025Local1900 to PresentArchitecture0.37
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-111 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Jurisdiction Santa Ana
Reporting Year 2025(Jan. 1 - Dec. 31)
ANNUAL ELEMENT PROGRESS REPORT
Local Early Action Planning (LEAP) Reporting
(CCR Title 25 §6202)
Please update the status of the proposed uses listed in the entityÓs application for funding and the corresponding impact on housing within the region or jurisdiction, as applicable,
categorized based on the eligible uses specified in Section 50515.02 or 50515.03, as
applicable.
Total Award Amount
υ АЎЉͲЉЉЉ͵ЉЉ
Total award amount is auto-populated based on amounts entered in rows 15-26.
Other
Task Status
Task $ Amount Awarded$ Cumulative Reimbursement RequestedNotes
Funding
Local
Completed
Housing Element Update$148,565.75$148,565.75General
Fund
Local
Completed
Zoning Code Update$570,505.45$570,505.45General
Fund
Local
Completed
Overall Administration$30,928.80$30,928.80General
Fund
Summary of entitlements, building permits, and certificates of occupancy (auto-populated from Table A2)
Completed Entitlement Issued by Affordability Summary
Income LevelCurrent Year
Deed Restricted
0
Acutely Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
0
Extremely Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
8
Very Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
0
Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
6
Moderate
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Above Moderate
147
Total Units
161
Building Permits Issued by Affordability Summary
Income Level
Current Year
Deed Restricted
0
Acutely Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
0
Extremely Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
5
VeryLow
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-112 of 113
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment B
Very Low
Non-Deed Restricted
76
Deed Restricted
0
Low
Non-Deed Restricted
101
Deed Restricted
6
Moderate
Non-Deed Restricted
67
Above Moderate
61
Total Units
316
Certificate of Occupancy Issued by Affordability Summary
Income Level
Current Year
Deed Restricted
0
Acutely Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
47
Extremely Low
Non-Deed Restricted
0
Deed Restricted
0
Very Low
Non-Deed Restricted
Deed Restricted
24
Low
Non-Deed Restricted
Deed Restricted
0
Moderate
Non-Deed Restricted
44
Above Moderate
638
Total Units
87
Housing Element Annual Progress ReportB-113 of 113
Attachment C Housing Successor Annual Report
C-1
A-1
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment C
HOUSING SUCCESSOR ANNUAL REPORT
REGARDING THE
LOW AND MODERATE INCOME HOUSING ASSET FUND
FOR FISCAL YEAR 2024-2025
PURSUANT TO
CALIFORNIA HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE SECTION 34176.1(f)
FOR THE
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA
This Housing Successor Annual Report (Report) regarding the Low and Moderate Income
Housing Asset Fund (LMIHAF) has been prepared pursuant to California Health and Safety
Code Section 34176.1(f) and is dated as of January 20, 2026. This Report sets forth certain
details of the Housing Authority of the City of Santa Ana (Housing Successor) activities during
Fiscal Year 2024-2025 (Fiscal Year). The purpose of this Report is to provide the governing
body of the Housing Successor an annual report on the housing assets and activities of the
Housing Successor under Part 1.85, Division 24 of the California Health and Safety Code, in
particular sections 34176 and 34176.1 (Dissolution Law).
The following Report is based upon information prepared by Housing Successor staff and
information contained within the independent financial audit of the Low and Moderate Income
Housing Asset Fund, as incorporated in the City of Santa Ana’s Annual Comprehensive
Financial Report (ACFR) for Fiscal Year 2024-2025 (Fiscal Year) as prepared by
CliftonLarsonAllen LLP (Audit), which Audit is separate from this annual summary Report;
further, this Report conforms with and is organized into sections I. through XII., inclusive,
pursuant to Section 34176.1(f) of the Dissolution Law:
I.Amount Deposited into LMIHAF: This section provides the total amount of funds
deposited into the LMIHAF during the Fiscal Year. Any amounts deposited for items
listed on the Recognized Obligation Payment Schedule (ROPS) must be distinguished
from the other amounts deposited.
II.Ending Balance of LMIHAF: This section provides a statement of the balance in the
LMIHAF as of the close of the Fiscal Year. Any amounts deposited for items listed on
the ROPS must be distinguished from the other amounts deposited.
III.Description of Expenditures from LMIHAF: This section provides a description of the
expenditures made from the LMIHAF during the Fiscal Year. The expenditures are to be
categorized.
IV.Statutory Value of Assets Owned by Housing Successor: This section provides the
statutory value of real property owned by the Housing Successor, the value of loans and
grants receivables, and the sum of these two amounts.
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
of 10
C-1
2025 General Plan Annual Progress Report
Attachment C
V.Description of Transfers: This section describes transfers, if any, to another housing
successor agency made in previous Fiscal Year(s), including whether the funds are
unencumbered and the status of projects, if any, for which the transferred LMIHAF will
be used. The sole purpose of the transfers must be for the development of transit
priority projects, permanent supportive housing, housing for agricultural employees or
special needs housing.
VI.Project Descriptions: This section describes any project for which the Housing
Successor receives or holds property tax revenue pursuant to the ROPS and the status
of that project.
VII.Status of Compliance with Section 33334.16: This section provides a status update
on compliance with Section 33334.16 for interests in real property acquired by the
former redevelopment agency prior to February 1, 2012. For interests in real property
acquired on or after February 1, 2012, provide a status update on the project.
VIII.Description of Outstanding Obligations under Section 33413: This section
describes the outstanding inclusionary and replacement housing obligations, if any,
under Section 33413 that remained outstanding prior to dissolution of the former
redevelopment agency as of February 1, 2012 along with the Housing Successor’s
progress in meeting those prior obligations, if any, of the former redevelopment agency
and how the Housing Successor’s plans to meet unmet obligations, if any.
IX.Income Test: This section provides the information required by Section
34176.1(a)(3)(B), or a description of expenditures by income restriction for five year
period, with the time period beginning January 1, 2014 and whether the statutory
thresholds have been met. Information is provided covering the period of July 1, 2020 –
June 30, 2025.
X.Senior Housing Test: This section provides the percentage of units of deed-restricted
rental housing restricted to seniors and assisted individually or jointly by the Housing
Successor, its former redevelopment Agency, and its host jurisdiction within the previous
10 years in relation to the aggregate number of units of deed-restricted rental housing
assisted individually or jointly by the Housing Successor, its former Redevelopment
Agency and its host jurisdiction within the same time period. For this Report the ten-year
period reviewed is January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2024.
XI.Excess Surplus Test: This section provides the amount of excess surplus in the
LMIHAF, if any, and the length of time that the Housing Successor has had excess
surplus, and the Housing Successor’s plan for eliminating the excess surplus.
XII.Inventory of Homeownership Units: This section provides an inventory of
homeownership units assisted by the former redevelopment agency or the Housing
Successor that are subject to covenants or restrictions or to an adopted program that
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
C-2 of 10
protects the former redevelopment agency’s investment of moneys from the Low and
Moderate Income Housing Fund pursuant to Section 33334.3(f).
This Report is to be provided to the Housing Successor’s governing body by December 31,
2025. However, the final audit opinion was not completed in time to be included in the
December City Council meeting, which delayed the presentation of this report to January. In
addition, this Report and the former redevelopment agency’s pre-dissolution Implementation
Plans are to be made available to the public on the City’s website (https://www.santa-
ana.org/successor-agency-oversight-board/ .)
I.AMOUNT DEPOSITED INTO LMIHAF
A total of $305,772 was deposited into the LMIHAF during the Fiscal Year. Of the total funds
deposited into the LMIHAF, a total of $0was held for items listed on the ROPS.
II.ENDING BALANCE OF LMIHAF
At the close of the Fiscal Year, the ending balance in the LMIHAF was $4,134,871 of which $0
is held for items listed on the ROPS.
III.DESCRIPTION OF EXPENDITURES FROM LMIHAF
The following is a description of expenditures from the LMIHAF by category:
FY 2024/25
Monitoring & Administration Expenditures$ 300,726
Homeless Prevention and Rapid Rehousing Services Expenditures $0
Housing Development Expenditures
Expenditures on Moderate Income Units$0
Expenditures on Low Income Units$0
Expenditures on Very-Low Income Units$0
Expenditures on Extremely-Low Income Units$0
Total Housing Development Expenditures$0
Total LMIHAF Expenditures in Fiscal Year$ 300,726
IV.STATUTORY VALUE OF ASSETS OWNED BY HOUSING SUCCESSOR IN LMIHAF
Under the Dissolution Law and for purposes of this Report, the “statutory value of real property”
means the value of properties formerly held by the former redevelopment agency as listed on
the housing asset transfer schedule approved by the Department of Finance as listed in such
schedule under Section 34176(a)(2), the value of the properties transferred to the Housing
Successor pursuant to Section 34181(f), and the purchase price of property(ies) purchased by
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
the Housing Successor. Further, the value of loans and grants receivable is included in these
reported assets held in the LMIHAF.
The following provides the statutory value of assets owned by the Housing Successor.
As of End of
Fiscal Year
Statutory Value of Real Property Owned by Housing Authority
$ 75,000
Value of Loans and Grants Receivable $ 22,566,387
Total Value of Housing Successor Assets $ 22,641,387
V.DESCRIPTION OF TRANSFERS
The Housing Successor did not make any LMIHAF transfers to other Housing Successor(s)
under Section 34176.1(c)(2) during the Fiscal Year.
VI.PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
The following is a description of project(s) for which the Housing Successor receives or holds
property tax revenue pursuant to the ROPS as well as the status of the project(s):
Project Name Status of Project
N/A All former projects on the ROPS have been
completed.
VII.STATUS OF COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 33334.16
Section 34176.1 provides that Section 33334.16 does not apply to interests in real property
acquired by the Housing Successor on or after February 1, 2012; however, this Report presents
a status update on the project related to such real property.
With respect to interests in real property acquired by the former redevelopment agency prior to
February 1, 2012, the time periods described in Section 33334.16 shall be deemed to have
commenced on the date that the Department of Finance approved the property as a housing
asset in the LMIHAF; thus, as to real property acquired by the former redevelopment agency
now held by the Housing Successor in the LMIHAF, the Housing Successor must initiate
activities consistent with the development of the real property for the purpose for which it was
acquired within five years of the date the DOF approved such property as a housing asset.
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
The following provides a status update on the real property or properties housing asset(s) that
were acquired prior to February 1, 2012 and compliance with five-year period:
Deadline to
Initiate
Date of Development Status of Housing Successor
Address of PropertyAcquisition Activity Activity
This remnant parcel has been
included in Request for Proposals
(“RFP”) # 18-056 issued on July 2,
2018; RFP # 19-063 issued on July
3, 2019; RFP # 21-136 issued on
Remnant parcels at
December 8, 2021; and RFP # 23-
nd
Spurgeon & E. 22 10/30/2002 2/14/2018
156 issued on October 19, 2023.
St.
All of the RFPs have been issued
for the development of affordable
housing on this parcel. There
were no viable proposals on this
property.
On December 7, 2021, the Housing
Authority entered into a 99-year
Ground Lease with Shelter
Providers of Orange County, Inc.
DBA HomeAid Orange County for
the development of the FX
Residences, a multifamily
801, 809 & 809 ½ E.
7/29/2009 2/14/2018 affordable housing project with 16
Santa Ana Blvd.
units for people experiencing
homelessness. In October 2022,
the developer closed on their
construction loan financing and a
groundbreaking ceremony was
held in June 2023. Construction
was completed in April 2025.
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
Deadline to
Initiate
Date of Development Status of Housing Successor
Address of PropertyAcquisition Activity Activity
On November 17, 2020, the
Housing Authority entered into a
99-year Ground Lease for the
development of two (2) affordable
homeownership opportunities for
moderate income families. In
August 2022, Habitat held a
826 N. Lacy 7/29/2009 2/14/2018
groundbreaking ceremony and
obtained all building permits to
commence construction. The
construction was completed in
November 2023 and both homes
have been sold to income
qualified families.
On July 25, 2022, the Housing
Authority entered into a 65-year
Ground Lease with Washington
Santa Ana Housing Partners, L.P.
for the development of the
1126 & 1146
9/5/2007 2/14/2018 Crossroads at Washington, a
Washington
multifamily affordable housing
project with 86 units for extremely
low-income families.
Construction was completed in
October 2024.
The following provides a status update on the project(s) for property or properties that have
been acquired by the Housing Successor using LMIHAF on or after February 1, 2012:
Deadline to
Initiate
Date of Development Status of Housing Successor
Address of Property Acquisition Activity Activity
N/A
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
VIII.DESCRIPTION OF OUTSTANDING OBLIGATIONS PURSUANT TO SECTION 33413
Replacement Housing: According to the FY 2010 – FY 2015 Implementation Plan for the
former redevelopment agency, the following replacement housing obligations were transferred
to the Housing Successor:
One (1) very-low income five-bedroom unit was removed in 2005. The replacement housing
obligation transferred to the Housing Successor was fulfilled in a previous fiscal year with the
WBBB project that accommodated a five-bedroom unit within the site.
At the end of Fiscal Year 2022-2023, the Housing Successor has met all replacement housing
obligations transferred from the former redevelopment agency.
Inclusionary/Production Housing. According to the FY 2010 – FY 2015 Implementation Plan
for the former redevelopment agency, no Section 33413(b) inclusionary/production housing
obligations were transferred to the Housing Successor. The former redevelopment agency’s
Implementation Plans are posted on the City’s website at https://www.santa-ana.org/successor-
agency-oversight-board/
IX.EXTREMELY-LOW INCOME TEST
Section 34176.1(a)(3)(B) requires that the Housing Successor must require at least 30% of the
LMIHAF to be expended for development of rental housing affordable to and occupied by
households earning 30% or less of the AMI. If the Housing Successor fails to comply with the
Extremely-Low Income requirement in any five-year report, then the Housing Successor must
ensure that at least 50% of the funds remaining in the LMIHAF be expended in each fiscal year
following the latest fiscal year following the report on households earning 30% or less of the AMI
until the Housing Successor demonstrates compliance with the Extremely-Low Income
requirement.
This information below is for the period of July 1, 2020 – June 30, 2025:
AMI FY 2020/21 FY 2021/22 FY 2022/23 FY 2023/24 FY 2024/25 Totals
80% - 120% $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0
50% - 80% $16,632 $0 $0 $0 $0 $16,632
30% - 50% $26,867 $0 $0 $0 $0 $26,867
0% - 30% $43,499 $0 $0 $1,491,252 $0 $1,534,751
Totals $86,998 $0 $0 $1,491,252 $0 $1,578,250
% of Funds
Expended on 30% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100.00% 0.00% 97.24%
or Less of AMI
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
X.SENIOR HOUSING TEST
The Housing Successor is to calculate the percentage of units of deed-restricted rental housing
restricted to seniors and assisted by the Housing Successor, the former redevelopment agency
and/or the City within the previous 10 years in relation to the aggregate number of units of
deed-restricted rental housing assisted by the Housing Successor, the former redevelopment
agency and/or City within the same time period. If this percentage exceeds 50%, then the
Housing Successor cannot expend future funds in the LMIHAF to assist additional senior
housing units until the Housing Successor or City assists and construction has commenced on a
number of restricted rental units that is equal to 50% of the total amount of deed-restricted rental
units.
The following provides the Housing Successor’s Senior Housing Test for the 10 year period of
FY 15-16 to FY 24-25:
Senior Housing Test 1/1/2015– 12/31/2024
# of Assisted Senior Rental Units 0
# of Total Assisted Rental Units 0
Senior Housing Percentage 0%
XI.EXCESS SURPLUS TEST
Excess Surplus is defined in Section 34176.1(d) as an unencumbered amount in the account
that exceeds the greater of one million dollars ($1,000,000) or the aggregate amount deposited
into the account during the Housing Successor’s preceding four Fiscal Years, whichever is
greater.
The following provides the Excess Surplus test for the preceding four Fiscal Years:
FY 2021/22FY 2022/23FY 2023/24FY 2024/25
Beginning Balance$26,417,704 $27,246,424 $27,621,931 $26,737,288
Add: Deposits$1,246,112 $483,734 $317,160 $305,772
(Less) Expenditures$417,392 $108,227 $1,201,803 $251,374
Ending Balance$27,246,424 $27,621,931 $26,737,288 $26,791,686
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
The LMIHAF has an Excess Surplus. (Refer to calculation below.)
XII.INVENTORY OF HOMEOWNERSHIP UNITS
(A)As of June 30, 2025, there was a total of 53 homeownership units and 912 rental
units subject to covenants or restrictions. Of this total, all 965 units had
affordability restrictions.
(B)During FY 2023-24, one (1) single family unit was lost to the portfolio as the
borrowers paid off the loans earlier than the original maturity date.
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25
(C)There were no funds returned to the Housing Successor as part of an adopted
program that protects the former redevelopment agency’s investment of moneys
from the former Low and Moderate Income Housing Fund in FY 2024-25.
(D)The Housing Authority of the City of Santa Ana has not contracted with any
outside entity for the management of the units.
HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF SANTA ANA – FY 2024/25