Item 27 - Appeal Application Nos. 2020-03 and 2020-04 - Central Pointe Mixed-Use Development

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(8) Lighting. —Parkins et al. (2015) found that light emission from buildings correlated positively with percent glass on the fagade, suggesting that lighting is linked to the extent of windows. Zink and Eckles (2010) reported fatality reductions, including an 8o% reduction at a Chicago high-rise, upon the initiation of the Lights -out Program. However, Zink and Eckles (2010) provided no information on their search effort, such as the number of searches or search interval or search area around each building. (9) Height of structure. —Except for Riding et al. (2020), I found little if any hypothesis - testing related to building height, including whether another suite of factors might relate to collision victims of high-rises. Are migrants more commonly the victims of high-rises or of smaller buildings? (10) Orientation of fagade.—Some studies tested fagade orientation, but not convincingly. Some evidence that orientaiton affects collision rates was provided by Winton et al. (2018). Confounding factors such as the extent and types of windows would require large sample sizes of collision victims to parse out the variation so that some portion of it could be attributed to orientation of fagade. Whether certain orientations cause disproportionately stronger or more realistic -appearing reflections ought to be testable through measurement, but counting dead birds under fagades of different orientations would help. (11) Structural layout. —Bird -safe building guidelines have illustrated examples of structural layouts associated with high rates of bird -window collisions, but little attention has been directed towards hazardous structural layouts in the scientific literature. An exception was Johnson and Hudson (1976), who found high collision rates at 3 stories of glassed -in walkways atop an open breezeway, located on a break in slope with trees on one side of the structure and open sky on the other, Washington State University. (12) Context in urban -rural gradient. —Numbers of fatalities found in monitoring have associated negatively with increasing developed area surrounding the building (Hager et al. 2013), and positively with more rural settings (Kummer et al. 2016a). (13) Height, structure and extent of vegetation near building. —Correlations have sometimes been found between collision rates and the presence or extent of vegetation near windows (Hager et al. 20o8, Borden et al. 2010, Kummer et al. 2016a, Ocampo- Peiiuela et al. 2016). However, Porter and Huang (2015) found a negative relationship between fatalities found and vegetation cover near the building. In my experience, what probably matters most is the distance from the building that vegetation occurs. If the vegetation that is used by birds is very close to a glass fagade, then birds coming from that glass will be less likely to attain sufficient speed upon arrival at the fagade to result in a fatal injury. Too far away and there is probably no relationship. But 30 to 50 m away, birds alighting from vegetation can attain lethal speeds by the time they arrive at the windows. (14) Presence of birdfeeders.—Dunn (1993) reported a weak correlation (r = 0.13, P < 0.001) between number of birds killed by home windows and the number of birds