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4. Technology Requirements. 4.1 - National Information Exchange Model (NIEM). FEMA requires all grantees to use the latest NIEM specifications and guidelines regarding the use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) for all grant awards. Further information about the required use of NIEM specifications and guidelines is available at http://www. niem. gov. 4.2 - Geospatial Guidance. Geospatial technologies capture, store, analyze, transmit, and/or display location-based information (i.e., information that can be linked to a latitude and longitude). FEMA encourages grantees to align any geospatial activities with the guidance available on the FEMA website at http://www. fema. gov/grants. 4.3 - 28 CFR Part 23 Guidance. FEMA requires that any information technology system funded or supported by these funds comply with 28 CFR Part 23, Criminal Intelligence Systems Operating Policies, if this regulation is determined to be applicable. 5. Administrative Requirements. 5.1 - Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). FEMA recognizes that much of the information submitted in the course of applying for funding under this program or provided in the course of its grant management activities may be considered law enforcement sensitive or otherwise important to national security interests. While this information under Federal control is subject to requests made pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. §552, all determinations concerning the release of information of this nature are made on a case-by-case basis by the FEMA FOIA Office, and may likely fall within one or more of the available exemptions under the Act. The applicant is encouraged to consult its own State and local laws and regulations regarding the release of information, which should be considered when reporting sensitive matters in the grant application, needs assessment, and strategic planning process. The grantee should be familiar with the regulations governing Sensitive Security Information (49 CFR Part 1520), as it may provide additional protection to certain classes of homeland security information. 5.2 - Protected Critical Infrastructure Information (PCII). The PCII Program, established pursuant to the Critical Infrastructure Act of 2002 (Public Law 107- 296) (CII Act), created a framework which enables members of the private sector, States, local jurisdictions, and tribal nations to voluntarily submit sensitive information regarding critical infrastructure to DHS. The Act provides statutory protection from public disclosure and civil litigation for CII that is validated as PCII. When validated as PCII, the information can only be shared with 28 55A-34